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(p. 535) Index
(p. 535) Index
Abouharb, M. R., 508–9
Acer, 239
Act for the Prevention and Suppression of Combinations Formed in Restraint of Trade of 1889, 214
Afghanistan, 392
Africa
antidumping laws, 61t
antitrust enforcement, 222
apartheid regime sanctions, 499
Cotonou Agreement, 505
democracy formation by country, 266t
democratization/trade reforms, 264
pollution effects, 443
regional monetary integration, 461
transportation/efficiency relationships, 442
WTO dispute participation, 411
Ahlquist, J. S., 105
Aitken, B., 244
Albania, 266t
Alliance Treaties and Obligations (ATOP), 29
Alvarez, M., 299
Ambroziak, L., 247
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 339
Amsden, A. H., 478–79
Andean Community, 338
Angell, N., 422
Antitrust/trade policies interactions
aggregate national welfare variant, 217–19
anticompetitive behavior patterns, 222–23
competition patterns, 222–23
domestic political economy variant, 218–19
optimal tariff theory, 218
Antràs, P., 70
Apodaca, C., 502
Apple, 235
Aquinas, Thomas, 38–39
Ardelean, A., 282
Argentina
democracy formation, 266t
global production networks, 250
government export promotion, 478–79
policy preference formation, 321
trade shares in GDP, 476
Asia-Europe Survey (ASES), 106
Atlantic Charter, 23
Authoritarian regimes
access point theory, 306
coalition size, 302–6
concepts, definitions, 299
coups vulnerability, 309–10
dispute settlement procedure (DSP), 145
income inequality, 301
leader change effects, 145–46
leader mode of entry, 309–10
leader survival effects, 149–50
lobbying, 122
median voter model, 300–302
PFS model, 300
power fragmentation, 305–6
property rights, 307
protectionism, industry-level, 301–2
protectionism vs. free trade, 305–6
redistribution, 301
single-party, 304–7
subtypes, 304–5
time horizons, 307–9
trade reforms, 262–63
Bair, J., 13
Balassa, B., 460
Bannerman, G., 12
Barigozzi, M., 386
Barkin, J. S., 14
Bartels, L., 505
Bechtel, M., 148
Beck, N., 429
Benin, 266t
Bhagwati, J., 148
Bhala, R., 400
Binatli, A. O., 247
Blackhurst, R., 216
Blainey, G., 420
Blair, Hugh, 42
Blinder, A., 130
Blonigen, B. A., 69
Bobick, T., 145
Boix, C., 301
Bombardini, M., 169
Borga, M., 233
Borrus, M., 238
(p. 537)
Brazil
electoral system, 304
free trade areas (FTAs), 62
globalization/inequality relationships, 132
global production networks, 250
government export promotion, 478–79
import-substituting industrialization (ISI), 488
MFN tariffs, 60
PTAs, 339
specific trade concerns (STCs), 406–7
technical barriers to trade (TBTs), 407
Bretton Woods Agreements, 392
Broda, C., 65–66
Broude, T., 504
Broz, L., 464
Buhr, R., 142
Bulgaria, 266t
Burgoon, B., 105
Callaway, R., 502
Cao, X., 502
Cape Verde, 266t
Cardenas, Lazaro, 242
Carey, J. M., 303
Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act of 2000, 243
CARIFORUM, 352
Carnegie, A., 386
Cassing, J., 121
Ceccoli, S. J., 104
Central African Republic, 266t
Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). see Europe, European Union
Chaffour, J. P., 373
Chang, P. -L., 386
Chauffour, J. P., 365
China
economic structure, 300
export-processing zones, 488
free trade vs. protectionism, 103–4
globalization/inequality relationships, 132
global production networks, 239–41
hostile foreign policies, 433–34
human rights in trade agreements, 510
immigration policy, 530
international cooperation in trade agreements, 452
Internet censorship, 509
priming experiments, 111–12
RTAs, 371
trade models, 6
Chrysler, 240
CIRI, 503
Clague, C., 307
Collective action. see lobbying
Common external tariff (CET), 361
Common Fisheries Policy, 447
Competition policy. see antitrust/trade policies interactions
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), 450
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 450
Cooper, M. C., 508
Cooper, S., 461
Copeland, B. R., 65
Cotonou Agreement, 505
Cox, G. W., 290
Crowley, M. A., 67
Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act, 466
Cusumano, M. A., 235
De Benedictis, L., 386
de la Court, Pieter, 41
De Melo, J., 365
De Mesquita, B. B., 284
Democratic regimes
coalition size, 302–3
human rights, 500
intra-industry trade, 188–90
leader change effects, 145–46
leader mode of entry, 309–10
leader survival effects, 149–50
media ownership, marketing effects, 108
multinational corporations, 235–36
political affiliation, 263
supply-side studies, 261–62
time horizons, 308
trade reforms, 262–63
Deng Xiaoping, 237
Design of Trade Agreements (DESTA) project, 365
Developing countries
development-trade relationships, 475–88
GATT effects, 26–27
globalization in, 132
human rights-trade relationships, 511
WTO membership, 387–88
Development-trade relationships
dependency, 484–85
developing countries, 475–88
exchange rates, 480
export-processing zones, 486–87
GSP, 483–85
import regulation, 478
intellectual property, 478
most-favored nation (MFN), 481–84
political organization, mobilization, 486
resource transfer, 479–80
state interventions, 478–79
welfare state, 476–77
Dispute settlement procedure (DSP). see also preferential trade agreements (PTAs)
appeals, 404
Appellate Body, 404
concessions, 403–4
consultations, 402–3
decentralization, 402
democracy, development, 143–44
early settlement, 146
effectiveness, 388
feedback effect, 147
fire alarm effect, 147
functioning, outcomes, 143–47
information, 149–50
institutional bias, 408
intra-industry trade, 188
judicial economy, 402
leader survival, 149–50
leader turnover, 145–46
literature review, 402–5
post-adjudicative bargaining, 146–48
retaliation, 404–5
trade policy effects, 148–49
turtle-excluder devices (TEDs), 448–50
unfair eviction, 147
voter actions, 149–50
(p. 540)
Domestic geography
dartboard approach, 318
employment concentration, 328
first nature, 317
location Gini, 318
low vs. high skilled workers, 322
offshoring, 322
political dispersion, 328
political system responsiveness, 328
redistribution, 329–30
Domestic political institutions
human rights-trade relationships, 494–95
PTAs (see preferential trade agreements (PTAs))
reciprocity, 10
trade policy generally, 9–10
Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), 485
Doyle, M. W, 422
Dreher, A., 386
Drope, J., 125
DSP. see dispute settlement procedure (DSP)
Eaton, J., 198
Egger, H., 128
Eicher, T. S., 386
Electoral systems
alternative measures, 292
concepts, definitions, 281
constituency size, 303
consumer prices, 284
electoral competition, 289–90
import licenses, 285
individual attitudes, 107–8
institutional bundles, 293
personal votes, 289–90
policy instrument selection, 285
seat-vote elasticity, 283
single-member district plurality system (SMDP), 281
tariffs, 282–84
time horizons, 308
winning coalitions, 284
Elliott, K. A., 503
Engel, C., 463
Environment-trade relationships
consumer power, 441
environmental exceptions, 447–49
food miles, 441–42
free trade, 443–44
global environmental commons protection, 449–53
international cooperation, 452–53
international trade institutions, 445–51
market access, 445
multilateralism, 448–51
NAFTA, 443–48
ozone-depleting chemicals, 450
transportation, 441–42
turtle-excluder devices (TEDs), 448–50
Ernst, D., 238
Europe, European Union
Agenda 2000, 246
collective action, 324
consumer power effects, 441
environmental policy in trade agreements, 447
foreign direct investment, 246–48
France (see France)
GATT (see GATT)
Germany (see Germany)
global production networks, 245–50
GSP+ programs, 483–84
income inequality/unemployment, 128
party organization, 304
policy preference formation, 319–21
political system responsiveness, 328
privacy laws, 507
regional integration, 461
as RTA, 11
tariffs, 321
WTO dispute resolution, 412–13
WTO membership benefits, 386
Exchange rates
blunt instrument problem, 467–68
competition effects, 459
currency unions, 463
development-trade relationships, 480
firm behavior, 468
foreign direct investment, 464
lobbying, 465–68
optimum currency areas (OCA) theory, 458–59
political agency, 468
regional integration, 460–61
research strategies, 464–65
tariffs, 467–68
timing, time horizons, 467
trade policy, 459–61
trade policy choices, 462–64
Fabbri, F., 131
Factor-based trade theorem, 100–101
Fagiolo, G., 386
FDI. see foreign direct investment (FDI)
Fearon, J. D., 420
Feenstra, R., 129
Felbermayr, G., 28
Finite mixture modeling, 101–2
Fontagné, L., 183
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
exchange rates, 464
migration-trade relationships, 527
new new trade theory, 127
RTAs, 368
war-trade relationships, 435
France
alliance formation, 3
economic geography, 322
global production networks, 237
immigration policy, 526
PTAs, 24
WTO membership, 386
Francois, J., 162
Frankel, J., 463
Freeman, R. B., 503
Free trade
alternatives to, 48–50
commercial policy, 42–48
comparative advantage theory, 43–44
competition policy (see antitrust/trade policies interactions)
concentrated interests, 46
concepts, definitions, 38–40
decline, reformation of, 50–52
diminishing returns theory, 44
domestic altruism, 42
economic development, 44–48
economic nationalism, 48–49
environment-trade relationships, 443–44
import restrictions, 38
infant industry argument, 48
Iron Law of Wages, 44
Keynesian demand stimulus, 51
market access, 38
mercantilism, 39–41
most-favored nation (MFN) status, 47
overview, 37–38
political economy (classical), 40–42
price-specie flow mechanism, 40
Universal Economy doctrine, 39
war strategy, 43
Freudenberg, M., 183
Freund, C., 68
Frye, T., 305–6
Garrett, G., 263
GATT. see also World Trade Organization (WTO)
compliance monitoring, 24
developing vs. industrial countries, 26–27
dispute-resolution mechanism (DRM), 24–25
dispute settlement procedure (see dispute settlement procedure (DSP))
Enabling Clause, 482
environmental policy, 447–48
European Economic Community (EEC), 27
exchange rate manipulation, 459–62
gravity model (see gravity model)
national security exception, 499
national treatment principle, 498
preferential trade agreements (PTAs) (see preferential trade agreements (PTAs))
principal-supplier rule, 25–26
provisional members, 27
PTAs, 353
reciprocity principle, 64
RTAs (see regional trade agreements (RTAs))
Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), 24
unforeseen developments safeguard, 412–13
Gawer, A., 235
Gelleny, R. D., 104
Gelpi, C., 422
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. see GATT
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 162
Generalized system of preferences (GSP)
development-trade relationships, 483–85
Geography. see domestic geography
Gereffi, G., 235
(p. 544)
Germany
alliance formation, 3
electoral system, 286
global production networks, 246–47
HOSS model, 7
Marshall Plan, 432
WTO membership, 386
Gerschenkron, A., 319
Ghana, 260
Gilligan, M. J., 179
Gladstone, W. E., 45
Glaeser, E. L., 318
Global Integrity, 503
Globalization. see also multinational corporations (MNCs)
in developing countries, 132
environment-trade relationships, 442–44
exchange rates (see exchange rates)
global production networks, 233–36
immigration effects, 527–28
income inequality, 132
labor political influence, 131
labor rights effects, 503–4
redistribution, 127
union bargaining, 131
war-trade relationships, 424
Gravity model
application recommendations, 92–93
border effects, 81
collinearity, 92
control variables, 83
cross-sectional form, 78–79
equations, 78–79
logged trade values, 79
panel data, 79
trade-diverting effects, 80–81
trade flows, 79
WTO membership analysis, 385
year fixed effects, 81
Great Britain. see Europe, European Union
The Great Illusion (Angell), 422
Greece, 246
Greif, A., 529
Grieco, J. M., 422
Grix, J., 246
Grossman-Helpman model. see PFS model (protection-for-sale)
GSP+ programs, 483–84
Guisinger, A., 112
Gulotty, R., 207
Gutmann, J., 220
Hadenius, A., 304
Hansen, W., 125
Harrelson-Stephens, J., 502
Harrison, A., 244
Hart, J. A., 235
Haskel, J., 131
Hathaway, O., 123
Hauk, W. R., 288
Hawkins, H. C., 25–26
Hayakawa, K., 240
Hearn, E., 107
Heckscher, E., 5
Heiduk, G., 13
Helbling, M., 530
Henderson, J., 236
Henn, C., 386
Hertel, S., 504
Heterogeneous firms
foreign direct investment, 200–201
import behaviors, 200
offshoring, 208
PFS model (protection-for-sale), 197
policy implications, 206–7
policy preferences, 202–5
producer associations, 208–9
protectionism/labor interests, 127–29
Hobson, J. A., 425
Hoda, A., 26
Hollyer, J. R., 150
Human Development Index, 503
Human rights-trade relationships
activism, 504
causality, 503
data sets, 503
developing countries, 511
digital trade, 507–8
globalization effects, 503–4
information access, 506–7
labor rights, 503–4
literature review, 501–4
multinational corporations, 504
national treatment principle, 498
privacy, 506–8
quality of life, 501
state rights, responsibilities, 494–95
trade encouragement, 506
trade sanctions, fines, 510
women's rights, 501–2
WTO membership, 508–9
Hutcheson, Frances, 41
Hwang, W., 126
Hymer, S. H., 234–35
Income inequality
authoritarian regimes, 301
aversions, individual attitudes, 111–12
Europe, European Union, 128
globalization, 132
inter-industry trade, 128
intra-industry trade, 128
migration-trade relationships, 525
United States, 128
war-trade relationships, 424
India
foreign direct investment, 488
globalization/income inequality relationships, 132
global production networks, 239
immigration policy, 530
import-substituting industrialization (ISI), 488
PTAs, 353
WTO dispute resolution, 353
Individual attitudes
agricultural protection, 111
attitude/behavior relationships, 112–13
attitude/policy outcome relationships, 113–14
consumer goods consumption, 101
cosmopolitanism, 104
cultural threat perception, 111
education, 106
electoral systems, 107–8
factor-based trade theorem, 100–101
finite mixture modeling, 101–2
gender, 105–6
homeownership, 101
ideational factors, 104–5
identification strategies, 106–7
income inequality aversions, 111–12
international politics, 108–9
issue framing, 108–10
marriage, 105
media market structure, 108
mobility, 101
outer-group anxiety, 104–5
political origins, 107–9
political persuasion, 108
priming experiments, 111–12
religious beliefs, 105
research on generally, 99–100
risk orientation, 106–7
service trade liberalization, 102–3
skill specificity, 101
socialization through group membership, 105–7
socio-tropic formation, 105–7
Stolper-Samuelson theorem, 100–101
unionization, 105
Industry interests. see protectionism, industry-level
Inter-industry trade. see also intra-industry trade
alliances, 190
income inequality, 128
intra-industry vs., 190
International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), 450
Intra-industry trade. see also inter-industry trade
alliances, 189–91
benefits, 180
conflict, 189
democratic regimes, 188–90
dispute settlement procedure (DSP), 188
income inequality, 128
inter-industry trade vs., 190
lobbying, 179–80
rivalry, 189–91
state vs. dyad level, 184
Stolper-Samuelson theorem, 179
third parties, 187–88
trade partner specialization, 187
Iraq, 392
Itskhoki, O., 128
Jackson, Henry, 327
Jackson, J. H., 384
James, S., 320
Japan
antidumping laws, 61t
EPAs, 360
female protectionism, 106
global production networks, 236–41
MFN tariff studies, 66
priming experiments, 111
privacy laws, 508
proportional representation, 327
survey instruments, 103t
WTO dispute settlement, 144
Jennings, K., 124
Ji, Z., 240
Jones, K., 391
Judkins, B., 122
Kaltenthaler, K., 104
Karacaovali, B., 68
Karol, D., 288
Kastner, S. L., 433
Kee, H. L., 222
Keohane, R. O., 519
Keynes, J. M., 51
Kim, S.- Y., 14, 25, 26, 29, 139, 142, 143, 148, 203, 204, 206, 235, 338, 366, 367, 383, 385, 386, 388, 391
Kimura, F., 241
Kletzer, L. G., 322
Klienberg, K., 106
Knowles, V., 246
Kokkinou, A., 246
Kortum, S. S., 198
Krasner, S., 22
Kreickemeier, U., 128
Kriesi, H., 530
Kronthaler, F., 220
Kuno, A., 108
Kuo, J., 12
Labor interests. see protectionism/labor interests
Lang, A., 504
Latin America
Brazil (see Brazil)
democracy formation by country, 266t
globalization/income inequality relationships, 132
Mexico (see Mexico)
policy preference formation, 321
technical barriers to trade (TBTs), 407
WTO dispute resolution, 407
Latvia, 266t
Lee, H., 126
Lee, J.-W., 161
Lee, M. -J., 386
Lenin, V. I., 425
Lesotho, 266t
Levi, M., 105
Life and Writings of Adam Smith (Stewart), 43
Lim, H., 372
Lindert, P. H., 162
Lipset, S. M., 272
Lipsey, R., 244
List, Friedrich, 48
Lithuania, 266t
Liu, X., 386
Lobbying
authoritarian regimes, 122
exchange rates, 465–68
intra-industry trade, 179–80
migration-trade relationships, 525–26
United States, 204
United States trade unions, 124
WTO membership, 384
Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, 204
Londregan, J., 126
Long, A. G., 190
Lopez, R., 527
Lopez-Cordova, E., 273
Ludema, R., 66
Madagascar, 266t
Madeira, M. A., 179
Maestas, C., 106
Mali, 266t
Manger, M. S., 14
Mangioni, G., 386
Mankiw, N. G., 130
Mansfield, E. D., 104, 105, 121, 123–24, 149, 180, 189, 190, 263, 284, 285, 305–6, 338, 374, 386, 434, 461
Maoz, Z., 429
Marchetti, J., 372
Marshall, A., 318
Marshall Plan, 432
Martin, L., 21
Marx, Karl, 44
Mateev, M., 247
Matschke, X., 124
Matsushita, 235
Mauritania, 505
Mayer, W., 164
McCallum, J., 81
McKeown, T., 121
McKinley tariff, 214
McKinnon, R. I., 459
McNamara, K., 461
Meissner, C., 273
Mexico
development-trade relationships, 486–87
export-processing zones, 486–87
globalization/income inequality relationships, 132
government export promotion, 478–79
party organization, 304
RTAs, 368
technical barriers to trade (TBTs), 407
trade shares in GDP, 476
WTO membership, 393–94
MFN. see most-favored nation (MFN)
Migration-trade relationships
complementarity, 522
economic threat, 524
education/tolerance, 523–24
foreign direct investment, 527
home goods preferences, 528
income inequality, 525
increased information effects, 528–29
lobbying, 525–26
migrant networks, 529
nontradable vs. tradeable sectors, 523
open economy politics, 519
trade contracts, 529
welfare state argument, 525
Mihov, I., 385
Milner, H. V., 9, 73n9, 108, 113, 114n1, 122, 123, 149, 162, 172n4, 172n14, 196, 197, 262, 303, 305, 306, 338, 519
Milner, W., 502
MNC. see multinational corporations (MNCs)
Mongolia, 266t
Montinola, G. R., 308
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 450
Moran, T. H., 235
Morrow, J., 429
Most-favored nation (MFN)
benefits, WTO membership, 385
development-trade relationships, 481–84
human rights provisions, 498
PTAs, 353
Mousseau, M., 422
Mozambique, 266t
Multidimensional Poverty Index, 503
Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), 62
Multinational corporations (MNCs)
democratic institutions, 235–36
global production networks, 233–36
nontariff barriers, 207
producers in trade politics, 197
production networks generally, 233–36
RTAs, 368
wintelism, 235
Napier, M., 106
National Development Plan of 1982, 394
National Security Agency, 507
Nepal, 266t
Neuman, G. L., 525
Neumayer, E., 391
New new trade theory
development-trade relationships, 121
foreign direct investment, 127
as policy instrument, 69–70
protectionism/labor interests, 123
Nike, 235
Nontariff barriers (NTBs). see also tariffs
countervailing duties, 341
import licenses, 285
multinational corporations, 207
PTAs, 339–40
United States, 325
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 446
North American Free Trade Agreement. see NAFTA
NTBs. see nontariff barriers (NTBs)
Occupy Wall Street, 504
Ochs, J., 121
Of the Balance of Trade (Hume), 40
Of the Jealousy of Trade (Hume), 40
Ohlin, Bertil, 5
Ohls, D., 391–92
Olarreaga, M., 169
Optimal tariff theory, 218
Optimum currency areas (OCA) theory, 458–59
Ornelas, E., 68
Ossa, R., 69
Panagariya, A., 365
Paul, J., 501
Pavcnik, N., 132
Péridy, N., 183
PFS model (protection-for-sale)
heterogeneous firms, 197
MFN import tariffs, 67
protectionism/labor interests, 122–23
trade policy variation, 300
validation, 123
Piermartini, R., 364
Polachek, S. W., 426
Policy instruments. see also specific instruments
electoral systems selection, 285
hold-up problem, 70
Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), 62
NAFTA, 62
PTAs, 62
retaliation capacity, 69
subsidies, 71
Porche, S., 162
Portillo, Jose Lopez, 393–94
Powers, W., 240
Prebisch, R., 477
Preferential trade agreements (PTAs). see also specific agreements
antidumping mechanisms, 142
antitrust provisions, 224–25
countervailing duties, 341
dispute settlement procedure (see dispute settlement procedure (DSP))
domino effect, 350
exchange rate manipulation, 459–62
fair trade agreements, 341
institutionalization, 341–42
intellectual property provisions, 340
international politics, 108–9
membership, 340–41
most favored nation (MFN), 353
multilateralism, 354
nontariff barriers, 339–40
political-economy model, small countries, 65
reciprocity, 338
safeguards, 341
scope, 339–40
treaty commitments, 340–41
Protectionism
leader turnover, 145–46
Protectionism, industry-level
antidumping laws, 161–62
authoritarian regimes, 301–2
countervailing duties, 161–62
factor endowments model, 164
import penetration, 161
political support function, 166
risk/loss aversion, 169–70
Stolper-Samuelson theorem, 164
Protectionism/labor interests
antidumping laws, 125
collective action modeling, 122–23
compensation, 126–27
countervailing duties, 125
elasticity of demand, 130–31
factors of production, 121
firm-specific wages, 128
heterogeneous firms, 127–29
industry cleavages, 120–23
international vs. domestic firms, 123
macroeconomic trends, 123–24
NAFTA, 124
offshoring, 128–30
partisanship, 122
redistribution, 124–27
research on generally, 119–20
services offshoring, 129–30
trade policy effects, 121–24
trade theory models, 120–21
Prusa, T. J., 372
Przeworski, A., 274
Psycharis, I., 246
PTAs. see preferential trade agreements (PTAs)
Quinn, D., 126
Qvortrup, M. S., 286
Ranjan, P., 128
Rauch, J. E., 529
Real exchange rates. see exchange rates
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) of 1934, 23
Redding, S. J., 201
Regional trade agreements (RTAs). see also specific agreements
China, 371
common external tariff (CET), 361
deep integration measurement, 365–66
effects, 369–71
foreign direct investment, 368
history, 4
investment provisions, 364
liberalization, 363–65
Mexico, 368
multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), 374
multinational corporations, 368
protection, 363–65
WTO classification, 365
Regional Trade Agreements Database, 338
Rehm, P., 126
Remmer, K., 263
Resmini, L., 247
Resnick, A., 235
Reuveny, R., 273
Rieselbach, L. N., 320
Robertson, G., 132
Rogers, J., 463
Ron, J., 503
Roosevelt, Franklin, 502
Rosecrance, R., 435
Roy, M., 372
RTAs. see regional trade agreements (RTAs)
Rubinstein, Y., 385
Rueda, D., 122
Ruggie, J. G., 107
Sachs, J. D., 310
Salamon, L. M., 327
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 243
Samsung, 239
Samuelson, Paul, 6
Sassen, S., 527
Schattschneider, E. E., 324
Schelling, T. C., 404
Schiller, W. J., 329
Schonhardt-Bailey, C., 321
Schott, P. K., 201
Schwab, Susan, 392
Scott, A. J., 322
Sen, A., 496
Service trade liberalization, 102–3
Shadlen, K. C., 14
Sherlund, S., 124
Sherman, J., 213–14
Shirato, Y., 145
Shrimp-turtle case, 448–50
Shugart, M. S., 303
Shughart, W. F., 222
Siegfried, J. J., 327
Siemens, 235
Silverman, J. D., 222
Simmons, E., 430
Singer, H., 477
Slovak Republic, 266t
Smith, D., 123
Smuckler, R. H., 320
Snidal, D., 424
Snowden, Edward, 506–7
Social and Economic Empowerment Rights Initiative (SERF), 503
Sony, 238
South Korea
antidumping laws, 61t
democracy formation, 266t
global production networks, 238–39
government export promotion, 478–79
MFN tariff studies, 66
Steagall, J., 124
Stewart, D., 43
Stiglitz, J., 198
Stokes, S., 263
Stolper, W., 6
Stolper-Samuelson theorem
individual attitudes, 100–101
intra-industry trade, 179
principles, 6
protectionism, industry-level, 164
Story, D., 393
Stucki, P., 411
Sturgeon, T., 235
Suominen, K., 365
Svolik, M. W., 309
Taagepera, R., 286
Taglioni, D., 82
Tahk, A. M., 531
Tajoli, L., 386
Takacs, W., 123
Tariffs. see also nontariff barriers (NTBs)
common external tariff (CET), 361
electoral systems, 282–84
Europe, European Union, 321
exchange rates, 467–68
McKinley, 214
optimal tariff theory, 218
retaliatory, 405
Temin, P., 493
Teorell, J., 304
Thomakos, D. D., 300–302
Thompson, P., 435
Tinbergen, J., 362
Tollison, R. D., 222
Toyota, 236–38
Trade policy generally
comparative advantage theory, 5
factor-based trade theorem, 100–101
finite mixture modeling, 101–2
industrialization, 3
international negotiations, agreements, 10–11
mercantilism, 3
optimal tariff theory, 218
optimum currency areas (OCA) theory, 458–59
social institutions, 9
Stolper-Samuelson theorem (see Stolper-Samuelson theorem)
trade barriers, 10–11
World War I, 3
World War II, 4
Trebilcock, M. J., 216
Trindade, V., 529
Tsekov, I., 247
Tsutsui, K., 502
Turkey
EC customs union, 353
foreign direct investment, 488
GATT/WTO trade effects, 29
import-substituting industrialization (ISI), 488
MFN import tariffs, 67
PTAs, 353
WTO dispute resolution, 353
Turtle-excluder devices (TEDs), 448–50
Ulubasoglu, M. A., 300–302
United States
bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 370
citizen trade preferences, 100
competitive need limitations, 484
currency unions, 463
elasticity of demand, 131
environmental policy in trade agreements, 447
female protectionism, 105–6
framing experiments, 109–10
GATT (see GATT)
hostile foreign policies, 433–34
international cooperation in trade agreements, 452
labor unions, 9
lobbying legislation, 204
McKinley tariff, 214
Mexico WTO membership case study, 393–94
MFN tariff studies, 66
nontariff barriers, 325
online communications monitoring, 507
policy preference formation, 319–22
political persuasion, 108
political system responsiveness, 328
postwar trading regime formation, 383
priming experiments, 111–12
privacy laws, 507–8
proportional representation, 327
sectionalism, 320
specific trade concerns (STCs), 405–8
trade models, 6–7
trade shares in GDP, 476
trade union lobbying, 124
WTO membership benefits, 386
Uno, S., 503
Urata, S., 108
Urpelainen, J., 483
Van-Zandt, T., 385
Verdier, D., 322
Voigt, S., 220
Wage differences. see income inequality
Waldkirch, A., 244
Wallace, N. C., 214
Walmart, 235
Waltz, K., 424
Wang, Z., 240
Ward, M. D., 429
Warner, A., 310
War-trade relationships
analysis methods, 433
anarchy, 424
asymmetric information, 420–21
bargaining theory, 420–21
capitalism, 425
causal mechanisms analysis, 433
endogeneity, 429
firm level differentiation, 433
foreign direct investment, 435
foreign policy determinants, 433–34
globalization, 424
income inequality, 424
indivisibility problem, 421
information mechanisms, 431
interdependence analysis, 433
networks, 430
opportunity costs, 430–31
third parties, 429–30
trade constraints, 430–31
transformation mechanisms, 432
Weinstein, D. E., 65–66
Werfel, S., 464
Weyland, K., 262
Wilson, B., 387
World Bank, 503
World Trade Organization (WTO). see also GATT
compliance monitoring, 24
dispute settlement procedure (see dispute settlement procedure (DSP))
Doha Round negotiations, 11
exchange rate manipulation, 459–62
membership (see WTO membership)
national security exception, 499
RTA classification, 365
subsidies, 71
sustainable development, 448
WTO Analytical Index, 401
WTO membership
antidumping laws, 392
benefits generally, 382
developing countries, 387–88
dispute resolution (see dispute settlement procedure (DSP))
economic, political determinants, 391–93
effectiveness, 388–90
gravity model analysis, 385
human rights-trade relationships, 508–9
legalization, legitimacy, 384
lobbying, 384
market access, 391–92
Mexico, 393–94
MFN benefits, 385
motivations to form, 383–84
negotiation outcomes, 66
network complexity, 353–54
ordinary least squares analysis, 25
preference changes, 389–90
selection bias, 389
spillover effects, 389
Yamamura, K., 238
Zeile, W. J., 233
Zhang, J. J., 14