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(p. 395) Subject Index
(p. 395) Subject Index
AACC. See anterior cingulate cortex
accumulation
collecting and, 34–37
acquired brain injury, 71–72
acquisition. See also excessive acquisition
anxiety sensitivity and, 95
avoidance of, 93–94
behavioral assessment tasks of, 243–44
cognitive-behavioral model and, 91–94
criterion of, 356
defined, 33
distress tolerance and, 95
emotional attachment and, 94
in HD, 86–96
human attachments and self-related constructs in, 94–95
introduction to, 4
motivations for, 213
need for, 206
neural basis of, 96
saving and, 86
by stealing, 88–89
treatment response and, 95–96
ACTH. See adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD. See Alzheimer’s disease
ADHD. See attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
ADL-H. See Activities of Daily Living-Hoarding
adoption studies, 161
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 193
Adult Protective Services (APS), 144
affective circuit, 183
affective disorders, 69–70
algorithm, for pharmacotherapy, 296–97
alternative treatment modalities
considerations and implications, 286–87
cost effectiveness, 288
discussion, 286–89
home-based interventions, 287
introduction to, 274–75
methodological limitations, 286
nonclinicians in, 286–87
outcomes of, 288
amphetamine salts, 296
ancient coin hoards, 7
animal care checklist, 146
animal cruelty, 140–44
animal hoarding, by humans
animal cruelty and, 140–44
care checklist for, 146
consequences of, 142
descriptive characteristics of, 139–40
diagnostic criteria, 21
epidemiology of, 140–41
interventions, 142–44
judicial system and, 142–43
multiple animal ownership and, 139–41
neurobiology of, 179
object hoarding compared with, 141–42
poor insight in, 318
prevention of, 144–45
protective services and, 320
psychiatric status and, 141
self-based conceptual framework of, 211
severe domestic squalor in, 152
social services and, 143–44
traumatic life events and, 142
treatment, 142
animals, hoarding in
defined, 187
future research and, 358
GC system and, 192–94
homology, 187–200
hormone systems in, 192–96
models of, 188–89
neural mechanisms of, 194–96
proximate mechanisms of, 192–96
as resource-allocation decisions, 222–23
anterior thalamus, 196
anticipatory anxiety system, 192–93
ASD. See autism spectrum disorder
assessment
of ADHD, 242
of anxiety, 241–42
behavioral, 243–44
of cognitive dysfunction, 344
community-based, 323
of decision-making difficulties, 242–43
of depression, 241–42
of harm potential, 311–12
of impairment, 240–41
for individual CBT, 265
interview-based, 239
of late-life hoarding, 343–45
of object attachment, 129–32
of personality disorders, 242
reduced insight in, 243
research and, 354–55
tools, for severe domestic squalor, 153
attachment models, 359
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
assessment of, 242
in children, 333–35
excessive acquisition and, 92–93
treatment, 256
avolition, 65
Axis II disorders, 242
B
BABS. See Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale
BDNF gene. See brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene
behavioral assessment tasks, 243–44
behavioral disinhibition, 178
behavioral plan, 337
beliefs
hoarding-relevant, 213–14
memory and, 106
persistence of, 226
about possessions, 94
self-report measures of, 239–40
benzodiazepines, 192–93
Beowulf, 8
best-estimate diagnosis, 160
BFC. See Brief Family Consultation
Bible, 8–9
The Bibliomaniac (Ferriar), 12
biological factors, in obsessive–compulsive disorders, 209–13
biopsychosocial models, 208–9
bipolar disorders, comorbid, 79–80
BIT workshop. See Buried in Treasures
Bleak House (Dickens), 10–11
body mass index (BMI), 225
books, hoarding, 12
Brief Family Consultation (BFC), 313
Buried in Treasures (BIT) workshop, 283
C
CAS. See compulsive acquisition scale
case formulation, for individual CBT, 265
catecholamine system, 192–93
categorical approach, 160
categorization
behavioral assessment tasks of, 243–44
deficits in, 214
improving, 265
information processing in, 112–13
laboratory-based tests of, 113
CBS. xSee compulsive buying scale
CBT. See cognitive-behavioral therapy
C-FOCI. See Children’s Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
character flaws, clinical features distinguished from, 308
The Characters (Theophrastus), 7
child protection system, 142
children, hoarding by
attention and, 333–35
avoidance in, 334–35
CBT for, 336–38
clinical characteristics of, 331–33
clutter of, 332
comorbidity in, 335
compulsive hoarding, 331–38
distress in, 334–35
emotional attachment in, 334
hoarding behaviors, 331–38
information processing and, 333–35
models of, 333–35
personification of objects in, 334
pharmacotherapy for, 338
treatment for, 336–38
Children’s Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (C-FOCI), 336
Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (CHOCI), 336
China, 7
CHOCI. See Children’s Obsessional Compulsive Inventory
A Christmas Carol (Dickens), 10
CIR. See Clutter Image Rating
Clark’s nutcracker, 189
clean-out efforts, 345
clinical intervention, in individual CBT, 260
clinicians, insight and, 249
clomipramine, 338
clozapine, 66
clutter
assistance in clearing, 308–9
of children, 332
defined, 47
nesting instinct and, 191
as norm, 250
Clutter Image Rating (CIR), 51, 53, 55, 236t, 238–39, 263, 375–76
in community-based assessment, 323
for late-life hoarding assessment, 343
cognitive-behavioral model
acquisition and, 91–94
first, 15
information processing in, 100
introduction to, 4
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 95–96. See also individual CBT
for children, 336–38
for HD, 247–49
introduction to, 5
for late-life hoarding, 345–46
pharmacotherapy compared with, 297
cognitive circuit, 183
cognitive dysfunction, assessment of, 344
cognitive factors, in psychological models, 213–15
cognitive model, 213
cognitive restructuring, 183
cognitive symptoms, comorbid, 242–43
collecting
accumulation and, 34–37
defined, 34–37
object attachment and, 120–21
OCD and, 38
ownership and, 33–40
problems caused by, 38–39
romantic attitude toward, 35
rule-governed behavior of, 35
Collyer brothers, 13–14
communication training, 310–11
community-based assessment, 323
Community Clutter and Hoarding Toolkit, 323
community consequences, 23–24
community interventions
challenges for, 325–27
coordinated service, 320–25
future research on, 360
goals and strategies of, 322–25
harm reduction, 345
hoarding task forces for, 321–22
by human service agencies, 316–27
informal partnerships and networks in, 320–21
introduction to, 316–17
public and private partnerships in, 321
resources, 326
comorbidity
bipolar disorders, 79–80
in childhood hoarding, 335
cognitive symptoms, 242–43
compulsive buying, 207
compulsive hoarding, 293
gender and, 81–82
in HD, 75–83
introduction to, 4
nonclinical populations and, 82
personality disorders, 81
severe domestic squalor, 149–50
treatment influenced by, 82–83
competency, to provide care, 145
compulsive buying scale (CBS), 36
compulsive hoarding
assessment of, 293–94
by children, 331–38
comorbidity with, 293
course of, 293
in Dead Souls, 10
defined, 45
diagnosis, 293
epidemiology, 293
future research directions, 353
intensive multimodal treatment of, 297–98
onset of, 293
pharmacotherapy for, 291–98
phenomenology of, 293
in psychological models, 207
syndrome, 291–92
COMT. See catechol-O-methyltransferase
conspicuous consumption, 12
consumer psychology, 121
contingency management plan, 337
coordinated service intervention, 320–25
coping style, 306
corticosterone, 194
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 193
cortisol, 224
CRH. See corticotropin-releasing hormone
CSI. See Children’s Saving Inventory
culture, hoarding and, 25–27
curating, 34–37
CY-BOCS. See Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
D
dACC. See dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
DA system. See dopamine system
Dead Souls (Gogol), 10
decision making
coaches helping, 308
emotions influencing, 223–25
improving, 265
resource-allocation, 222–23
theory, 182–83
traditional tasks, 225–27
training, 337
decluttering, assistance in, 308–9
delusional disorder, 141
delusions, in schizophrenia, 64–65
demographic features, of hoarding, 21–22
descriptive language, 356
design, research, 353–54
developmental factors, in obsessive–compulsive disorders, 209–13
diagnosis
best-estimate, 160
of compulsive hoarding, 293
differential, 59
future research and, 356–57
interviews for, 53–55
of late-life hoarding, 343–45
(p. 398)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
differential diagnosis, 59
Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS), 236–37
discarding, difficulty with
endowment effect influencing, 225–26
The Divine Comedy (Dante), 9
dopamine (DA) system, 195
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), 180
dragons, 7–8
DY-BOCS. See Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
E
Eastern gray squirrel, 188
economics
discounting in, 226–27
emotions influencing, 222–25
endowment effect in, 225–26
excessive acquisition and, 223
future research and, 358–59
resource-allocation decisions, 222–23
risk, intertemporal choice and, 226–27
traditional tasks, 225–27
education, in hoarding features, 22
effect sizes, 123
Effexor XR. See venlafaxine
Egypt, 7–8
emotional attachment. See also object attachment
acquisition and, 94
of children, 334
consumer psychology and, 121
defined, 124
developmental research and, 121
introduction to, 120–21
traumatic life events and, 132–34
emotional reactivity, 22–23
emotions
acquisitiveness promoted by, 225
consumption influenced by, 223–25
economics influenced by, 222–25
larderhoarding and, 224
role of, 115
endophenotypes, 172–73
endowment effect, 225–26
enforcement agencies, 318
epidemiology. See also genetic epidemiological approaches
of animal hoarding, 140–41
of compulsive hoarding, 293
of severe domestic squalor, 148–50
epinephrine, 193
ERP. See exposure and response
prevention
Eugénie Grandet (Balzac), 10
evidence-based practice, 260
excessive acquisition
ADHD and, 92–93
behavioral disinhibition and, 178
consequences of, 207
economics and, 223
frequency of, 87–88
memory deficits and, 92
excessive attachment, 22–23
exclusion criteria, 123
executive functioning
F
defined, 102
insight and, 305–6
in phenomenology, 178
severe domestic squalor and, 150
The Faerie Queen (Spenser), 9
Fair Housing Act, 319
family interventions
BFC, 313
distressed relationships and, 306–7
future research on, 360
harm reduction, 307–13
insight and, 303–6
stigmatization and, 304–6
“Filthy with Things” (Boyle), 39–40
FIS. See Frost Indecisiveness Scale
fluoxetine, 338
FOCI. See Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory
fox squirrel, 188
freezers, 189
frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 68
Frost Indecisiveness Scale (FIS), 242–43
functional consequences, 342
functional status, 343–44
future research. See research, future directions for
G
GAD. See generalized anxiety disorder
GCBT. See group CBT
GC system. See glucocorticoid system
genetic approaches
genetic disorders, 71
genetic epidemiological approaches
adoption studies, 161
goal of, 161
to HD, 160–67
multiplex pedigree studies, 163–65
segregation analyses, 163–65
summary of, 167
glutamate modulators, 296
greed, 8–9
Greek mythology, 7
GWAS. See genomewide association studies
H
hallucinations, in schizophrenia, 64–65
HARC. See Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium
harm reduction (HR)
character flaws distinguished from clinical features in, 308
communication training in, 310–11
community-based, 345
components, 307
defined, 307
family-focused, 307–13
harm potential assessed in, 311–12
helping distinguished from hindering in, 309
implementation of, 313
limitations accepted in, 309–10
management of, 313
motivational interviewing in, 309–10
plan, 312–13
pressure and incentives in, 311
psychoeducation in, 308
resistance distinguished from limitations in, 308–9
team, 312
willingness to engage in, 307–13
HART. See Hoarding Action Response Team
HAS. See Hoarding Assessment Scale
HD. See hoarding disorder
HD-D. See Hoarding Disorder Dimensional Scale
heritability, 163
historical information, from family and caregivers, 344
hoarding. See also animal hoarding, by humans; animals, hoarding in; children, hoarding by; cognitive-behavioral model; compulsive hoarding; hoarding disorder; late-life hoarding; phenomenology, of hoarding; psychological models; research, future directions for; treatment
affective disorders and, 69–70
beliefs relevant to, 213–14
BMI and, 225
books, 12
complicated problem of, 317–19
compulsive buying compared with, 224
culture and, 25–27
introduction to, 3–5
mechanisms of, 194–99
mood factors in, 209
in mythology, 7
neurodegenerative disorders and, 66–69
nonorganic, 179–82
obligate, 188–89
OCD’s relationship with, 15, 21, 25–28, 36, 43–45, 48, 55–56, 59–64, 62t–63t, 66, 69–71, 80, 83, 88–93, 102–3, 177
organic, 179–80
regulatory role of, in HD, 196–97
task forces, 321–22
types, 255–56
Hoarding Assessment Scale (HAS), 238
hoarding disorder (HD). See also comorbidity
acquisition in, 86–96
birth of, 43–45
CBT for, 247–49
comorbidity in, 75–83
family models of, 159–73
forms of, 190–91
hoarding’s regulatory role in, 196–97
learning disabilities and, 70–71
neurobiology of, 177–84
newness of, 353
phenotype, 160–61
Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium (HARC), 361
Hoarding Outreach Partnership Effort (HOPE), 324
Hoarding Scale (HS), 237
hoarding task forces, 321–22
hoards, historical, 6–7
home-based interventions, 287
homework, 347–48
HOPE. See Hoarding Outreach Partnership Effort
housing agencies, 319
HPA axis. See hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
HR. See harm reduction
HRS. See Hoarding Rating Scale
HRS-I. See Hoarding Rating Scale—Interview
HS. See Hoarding Scale
HtD. See Huntington’s disease
human attachments, in acquisition, 94–95
human service agencies
community intervention by, 316–27
complicated problem facing, 317–19
housing, 319
skills needed by, 316
hunter-gatherers, hoards of, 6–7
Huntington’s disease (HtD), 69
hypersentimentality, 124
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 193
I
ICC. See intraclass correlation coefficient
ICDs. See impulse control disorders
IGT. See Iowa Gambling Task
imaging research. See neuroimaging studies
impulsive-compulsive spectrum behaviors (ICB), 68
incentives, in HR, 311
income, in hoarding features, 22
individual CBT
assessment and case formulation, 265
clinical intervention, 260
controlled trial, 270–71
described, 264–66
discarding and, 265–66
evidence-based practice, 260
future directions, 271–72
introduction to, 260–61
measures of, 261–63
motivational enhancement in, 265
nonacquisition practice, 265
pilot trials, 269–70
relapse prevention, 266
skills training, 265
individual web-based treatment, 285–86
informal partnerships and networks, 320–21
information hoards, 8
information processing
categorization, 112–13
by children, 333–35
in cognitive-behavioral model, 100
future directions of, 114–15
general considerations for examining, 101–3
impulsivity and, 113–14
introduction to, 100–101
neuropsychology and, 101–16
in psychological models, 214–15
insight
in animal hoarding, 318
clinicians’ perceptions and, 249
coping style and, 306
executive functioning and, 305–6
family interventions and, 303–6
introduction to, 247
motivation and, 247–56
research and, 355–56
specifier, 50–51
treatment compliance and, 248–49
intensive multimodal treatment, 297–98
intermediates, 214
International Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Foundation (IOCDF), 361
intertemporal choice, risk and, 226–27
interventions. See also community interventions; family interventions
animal hoarding, 142–44
clinical, in individual CBT, 260
home-based, 287
introduction to, 5
technology-based, 287–88
intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 165–67
involuntary clients, 318
involuntary possession loss, 121
Iron Age hoards, 7
J
Japan, 25
jewelry, 189–90
jird, 192
K
Kidnapped (Stevenson), 11
kleptomania, 88–89
L
larders, 189
late-life hoarding
assessment of, 343–45
CBT for, 345–46
consequences of, 342–43
course of, 341–42
diagnosis of, 343–45
future research on, 348–49
historical information and, 344
introduction to, 5
neurocognitive deficits in, 348
onset of, 341–42
practical problems in, 348
prevalence, 341
treatment, 345–48
learning disabilities, 70–71
legal competency, 145
Lewy bodies, 68
Library of Alexandria, 8
A Life of Grime, 14
Living Conditions Rating Scale, 153
L/L genotype. See met/met genotype
logarithm of the odds (LOD), 168–69
M
major depressive disorder (MDD), 344
maladaptive cognitions, 178–79
mania, 70
marital status, 21–22
MassHousing, 361
materialism, 95
MDD. See major depressive disorder
medical consequences, 342
medications. See pharmacotherapy; specific medications
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), 321
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 321
mental health
problems, severe domestic squalor associated with, 149–50
The Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 9
Merriam’s kangaroo rats, 188–89
Mesopotamia, 7
met/met (L/L) genotype, 170
MFC. See medial frontal cortex
MI. See motivational interviewing
Mickey Mouse Addict, 38
minocycline, 296
miser, 9–11
MOA. See Memorandum of Agreement
MoCA. See Montreal Cognitive Assessment
modes of existence, 13
money, discounting of, 227
monkeys, 195
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), 344
Mormons, 189
motivation
for acquisition, 213
defined, 254
enhanced, 265
insight and, 247–56
interpersonal context influencing, 306–7
introduction to, 247
treatment compliance and, 248–49
MOU. See Memorandum of Understanding
mug study paradigm, 226
multiple animal ownership, 139–41
multiplex pedigree studies, 163–65
mummies, 7
mythology, hoarding in, 7
N
NAcc. See nucleus accumbens
naltrexone, 193
neocortex, 194
networks, informal, 320–21
neural evidence, for decision-making difficulties, 227–29
neurobiology
of animal hoarding, 179
future research directions, 182–83
of HD, 177–84
nonorganic hoarding in, 179–82
organic hoarding in, 179–80
phenomenology and, 178–79
neurocognitive deficits, in late-life hoarding, 348
neurodegenerative disorders, 66–69
(p. 402)
neuroimaging studies
of nonorganic hoarding, 180–81
OCD and, 197–99
of organic hoarding, 179–80
neuropsychological impairment, severe domestic squalor and, 150–51
neuropsychological models, 357–58
neuropsychological tests, 355
nonacquisition practice, 265
nonclinical populations, comorbidity and, 82
nonclinicians, in alternative treatment modalities, 286–87
norepinephrine, 193
normative social information, 250
NTRK3, 170–72
O
OAF. See object–affect fusion
objects
hoarding, animal hoarding compared with, 141–42
perceived value of, 213
personification of, 334
object attachment
acquisitiveness and, 120–21
assessment of, 129–32
characteristics of, 132–34
by children, 334
clinical implications of, 135–36
collecting and, 120–21
in control groups, 132
defined, 124
evidence for, 130–31
intervention on, 134–35
introduction to, 4
Object Attachment Questionnaire, 133
obligate hoarders, 188–89
obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
attention and, 103–6
biological factors in, 209–13
collecting and, 38
defensiveness and, 252–53
developmental factors in, 209–13
hoarding’s relationship with, 15, 21, 25–28, 36, 43–45, 48, 55–56, 59–64, 62t–63t, 66, 69–71, 80, 83, 88–93, 102–3, 177
neuroimaging and, 197–99
nonorganic hoarding and, 180–81
OVI and, 252
personality factors in, 209–13
pharmacotherapy for, 294–95
in psychological models, 210–13
self-awareness of, 208
self-report measures, 235–37
Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI), 236–37
Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV), 336
obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
as personality disorder, 81
OCD. See obsessive–compulsive disorder
OCI. See Obsessive Compulsive Inventory
OCI-CV. See Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version
OCI-Revised (OCI-R), 236–37
OCS. See obsessive–compulsive symptom
ODT. See Object Decision Task
OFC. See orbitofrontal cortex
Of The Use of Riches, An Epistle To the Right Honourable Allen Lord Bathurst (Pope), 10
opiates, 193
organic hoarding, 179–80
OVI. See overvalued ideation
P
pantry, 189
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 68
paroxetine, 294–96
PD. See Parkinson’s disease
PDD. See pervasive developmental disorder
peer-facilitated support groups, 284
peer-supported web-based treatment, 284–85
personal consequences, 23–24
personality factors, in obsessive–compulsive disorders, 209–13
personification, of objects, 334
pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), 70–71
pharmacotherapy
algorithm, 296–97
CBT compared with, 297
for children, 338
for compulsive hoarding, 291–98
introduction to, 5
OCD and, 294–95
response, 294–95
studies, 295–96
phenomenology, of hoarding
compulsive hoarding, 293
consequences of hoarding, 23–24
course, 27
culture and, 25–27
executive functioning in, 178
future research and, 356–57
historical review of, 19–20
importance of, 4
onset, 26–27
overview of, 28–29
prevalence, 24–25
traumatic and stressful life events in, 27–28
phenotype, 160–61
physical factors, in harm potential, 311–12
physical safety, 317
Plyushkin syndrome, 10
possessing, 33–34
postfasting hyperphagia, 192
postrationalist models, 210
A Pot of Gold (Plautus), 7–8
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 71
pressure, in HR, 311
The Principles of Psychology (James), 12
private partnerships, 321
product retention tendency, 131–32
property use officials, 319
psychiatric status, animal hoarding and, 141
psychoeducation, 308
psychological factors, in harm potential, 312
psychological models
biological factors in, 209–13
cognitive factors in, 213–15
compulsive hoarding in, 207
developmental factors in, 209–13
future directions, 215–17
hoarding defined in, 206–8
information processing in, 214–15
introduction to, 4
mood factors in, 209
OCD and, 210–13
personality factors in, 209–13
traumatic life events in, 212–13
treatment and, 215–16
psychopharmacotherapy, 291
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
public partnerships, 321
PWS. See Prader-Willi syndrome
Q
qualitative approach, 160
quantitative approach, 160
questionnaire-based methods, 217
R
relapse prevention, 266
Renaissance literature and drama, 9
research, future directions for
assessment and, 354–55
on community interventions, 360
compulsive hoarding, 353
design, 353–54
diagnosis and, 356–57
economics and, 358–59
etiology in, 357–59
on family interventions, 360
genetics, 173
hoarding in animals and, 358
of information processing, 114–15
introduction to, 5
late-life hoarding, 348–49
methodological challenges of, 353–56
neurobiology, 182–83
neuropsychological tests in, 355
phenomenology and, 356–57
psychological models, 215–17
resources, 360–61
sampling, 354
on self-help, 359–60
theoretical models in, 357–59
on treatment, 359–60
resistance, limitations distinguished from, 308–9
resource-allocation decisions, 222–23
riluzole, 296
risk, 226–27
romantic attitude, toward collecting, 35
root cellars, 189
rule-governed behavior, 35
S
sadness, 224–25
safety, 316–17
sampling, 354
Schedule of Compulsions, Obsessions, and Pathological Impulses (SCOPI), 237
schizophrenia, 215
antipsychotic medication and, 65–66
hallucinations and delusions in, 64–65
NTRK3 and, 170–71
SCI. See Saving Cognitions Inventory
Scoring Keys, 382–83
SDS. See Sheehan Disability Scale
search strategy, 123
segregation analyses, 163–65
self-ambivalence, 210–11
self-based conceptual framework, of animal hoarding, 211
self-related constructs, 94–95
serotonin, 193
sertraline, 338
severe domestic squalor
in animal hoarding, 152
assessment tools for, 153
awareness of, 153
burden of, 150–55
case vignettes, 153–54
comorbid, 149–50
course of, 150
epidemiology of, 148–50
executive functioning and, 150
gender ratio of, 149
incidence of, 148–49
introduction to, 147
mental health problems associated with, 149–50
neuropsychological impairment and, 150–51
old age and, 149
terminology, 148
shame, 317–18
Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), 344
Siberian hamster, 189
Silas Marner (Eliot), 11
SI-R. See Saving Inventory-Revised
skills training, in individual CBT, 265
SLC1A1, 171–72
social consequences, 342–43
social factors, in harm potential, 312
social feedback, 250
social network, 197
social rejection, 224
social services, 143–44
squirrels, 188
SRI. See serotonin reuptake inhibitor
status quo bias, 226
stealing, 88–89
study quality, 123–24
super-normal controls, 161
support groups, peer-facilitated, 284
syllogomania, 148
T
task forces, 321–22
technology-based interventions, 287–88
Terror Management Theory, 224
thought–action fusion, 211
To Have or To Be? (Fromm), 13
Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model, 254
traumatic life events, 69, 79, 359
animal hoarding and, 142
emotional attachment and, 132–34
family and, 212
in hoarding mechanisms, 196
in phenomenology of hoarding, 27–28
in psychological models, 212–13
treatment. See also alternative treatment modalities; cognitive-behavioral therapy; interventions; pharmacotherapy
ADHD, 256
animal hoarding, 142
anosognosia, 251
anxiety, 215
barriers, 347–48
for children, 336–38
comorbidity influencing, 82–83
for defensiveness, 253–54
depression, 215
future research on, 359–60
intensive multimodal, 297–98
for late-life hoarding, 345–48
for OVI, 252
psychological models and, 215–16
response to, 95–96
willingness to engage in, 304–13
TS. See Tourette syndrome
U
utilitarian qualities, 120
V
validity, of assessment instruments, 102
Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), 237
VCFS. See velocardiofacial syndrome
Veblen, Thorstein, 12
velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), 71
venlafaxine (Effexor XR), 296
ventral tegmentum (VT), 194–95
VMPFC. See ventromedial prefrontal cortex
VOCI. See Vancouver Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory
Volpone (Jonson), 9
Völsunga Saga, 8
VT. See ventral tegmentum
W
warmth, in family of origin, 212
Y
Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)
Y-BOCS. See Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
Y-BOCS-SC. See Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist