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Index
Index
Achievement
adaptive resources, 486
alienated achievement, 137
cultural differences, 478
dynamic systems theory, 139
gendered narrative identity, 45
identity maturation, 477–78
identity trajectories, 142
integrative identity model, 104
internalizing symptoms, 549
normative identity style, 441
psychometric studies, 138
well-being, 481
Adair, V., 73–74
Adelson, J., 141–42
Adler, A., 2
Adolescence/emerging adulthood
age range definitions, 61
biculturalism, 59–60
causal/thematic coherence, 62
as center of identity formation, 567–68
courtship, dating, marriage, sexuality, 55–58
developmental trajectories, 109–10
divorce, 464–65
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
false-self behaviors, 395
gendered personal narratives emergence, 41–43
identity status (see identity status model)
identity vs. identity confusion, 100
ideological diversity, 55–58
individuation, 292–93
life story emergence, 41
multiple worlds, 8
narrative method, 62–63
phylogenetic history, 54–56
political conflict, 370–81
positioning in narratives, 171
social conventions, 439–41
storm and stress period, 18
validation of identity claims, 233
Adulthood
autobiographical memory, 72
cohort effect, 74
diffuse-avoidant processing style, 69
disequilibration, 68
fidelity, 66
identity accommodation, 69
identity assimilation, 69
identity processing model, 69
identity regression, 68
identity roles, 65
informational processing style, 69
McAdams' theories, 69–70
normative-avoidant processing style, 69
revision, maintenance processes, 73–74
social-cognitive theories, 69
stability, 73–74
Affonso, D., 76
African Americans
black cultural learning styles model, 257
black culture, 255–57
black identity as stage model, 258–59
black self-sabotage, 256
Agency
personality development, 493
Ager, J., 273
Akerlof, G. A., 530
Albrecht, R. E., 344
Allen, J. P., 486
Allen, V. L., 99
Al-Owidha, A., 108
Althusser, L., 215
Amato, P. R., 457
Ambady, N., 257
Antaki, C., 216
Anthis, K. S., 73
Appiah, K. A., 24
Applications section, 563–64
Arco, R., 308
Arditti, J. A., 459
Aristotle, 202
Asquith, P., 443
Autobiographical reasoning. see also meaning-making
culture, gender issues, 176–77
developmental status, 157
events causing personality change, 157
exemplification, 157
goals for narration, 175
life transitions, 159–60
over-general memory, 175
personality development, 493
physiological states, 175–76
positioning in narratives, 171–72
self-construction, 162
situated identity performances, 154
synchronics, 187
Autonomy
gendered narrative identity, 45
identity development as process, 124
racial/ethnic identity development, 20
Bakhtin, M. M., 212
Balistreri, E., 102
Ball, L., 485
Banks. M. V., 161
Barber, B. L., 485
Barkhuus, L., 513
Bar-Tal, D., 371–73
Baum, N., 461
Baumeister, R. F., 510
Beaumont, S. L., 75–76
Beck, U., 534
Bell, N. J., 205
Belonging, group affiliation
difference and sameness, 16
identity status, 139
political conflict, 371–73
racial/ethnic identity development, 20
Bennion, L. D., 543
Benson, J. E., 465
Bergin, D. A., 305
Berman, S. L., 450
Bernal, M. E., 260
Berntsen, D., 162
Berry, J., 261–62
Bilard, J., 417
Binational Front of Indigenous Organizations, 308
Blagov, P. S., 359
Blair-Loy, M., 329
Blais, J. J., 509
Body image. see also puberty
body mass index, 412–13
components, 406–7
depression, 411
ethnicity/race, 413–14
explorations, commitments, 407–8
femininity, 407
media, 415–16
objectification theory, 409–10
psychosocial theory, 407
puberty, 397–98
self-concept, 407
self-discrepancy theory, 408–9
sexual orientation, 414
social comparison theory, 408
sociocultural theory, 409
steroids, 411
tripartite model, 409
well-being, 409
Bond, M., 280
Borderline personality, 142
Bosacki, S. L., 443
Bosman, K., 129
Bourne, E., 19
Bradbury, T. N., 457
Bradley, C. L., 76
Breen, A. V., 160
Brewer, M. B., 292
Briones, E., 553
Brittian, A. S., 547
Bronte-Tinkew, J., 462
Brooks, D., 280
Brown, B., 514
Burciaga, R., 302–3
Burkitt, I., 13
Burrow, A. L., 542
Campbell, C. G., 124
Cantor, N., 492
Carter, R., 395
Cartmel, F., 534
Catalano, R. F., 339
Chang, L., 59
Chavez-Korell, S., 260
Chen, Y., 160
Cheon, B. K., 429
Chodorow, N., 82
Christiansen, S. L., 76
Clausen, J., 322
Coleman, B. R., 262
Coleman, M. N., 253
Colombia, 377–80
Colwell, R. K., 547
Commitment
body image, 407–8
concepts, definitions, 552
development of, 120
identity development as process, 116–20
Community Cultural Wealth framework, 302
Conceptual self (tacit themes of narratives), 153
Connerly, Ward, 255
Context
closed contexts, 74
dynamic systems theory, 125
identity development as process, 120
integrative identity model (Schachter), 238–40
lifespan identity development, 87
microinteractional, 211
open contexts, 74
work identity, 322–26
Contextual amplification hypothesis, 398–99
Cooks, H. C., 305
Cookston, J., 8
Cooley, C. H., 13
Cooper, C. R., 210–11
Cooper, K., 8
Copeland, B., 255
Coping strategies
cultural stereotypes, 272–79
divorce, 455
identity development as process, 119–20
risk, resilience, 484–85
Costa, P. T., 491
Cota, M. K., 260
Cox, K., 494
Crouter, A. C., 394
Cultural neuroscience
affiliation, 428–30
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 429–31
culture–gene coevolutionary theory, 424
developmental biocultural co-constructivism, 425
developmental neuroscience, 427–28
empathy, 428–30
event-related potentials (ERP), 433
family values, 433
functional near-infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS), 432
fusiform gyrus, 430–31
interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6r), 432–33
medial temporal lobe (MTL), 429–31
mental state inference, 430
middle frontal gyrus, 428
MPPC, 428
orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC), 431
self-construal theory, 424
self-reflection, 427–28
serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), 424
superior temporal gyrus, 431
temporoparietal junction (TPJ), 428–30
ventral premotor region, 428
ventral striatum, 433
Cultural stereotypes
Asian Americans, 273–74
class identities, 291
coping strategies, 272–79
cultural artifacts, 272
gender differences, 273–74
gender identification, 271–74
group identification, 271
identity status model, 270
mixed-race identity, 293–94
model minority myth, 278
optimal distinctiveness theory, 292–93
phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (P-VEST), 272
stereotypes in identity formation, 273–79
Culture as ethnicity
acculturation model, 261–62
black cultural learning styles model, 257
black culture, 255–57
black identity as stage model, 258–59
black self-sabotage, 256
consistency, validation of measures, 262–63
ethnic identity model (Phinney), 261
ethnic identity models, 260–62
group identity, 255–56
identity status model, 261
immigrants, 253
personal/ego identity, 250
psychosocial theory, 250–51
racial identity, 254–55
Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS), 259
racial identity models, 257–60
rejection sensitivity, 260
role-identity theory, 15
self-determination, 255–56
social identity, 250–51
stereotype threat, 257
structural symbolic interactionism, 15–16
world views, 249
Culture–gene coevolutionary theory, 424
Dabova, M., 360
Daddis, C., 447
Darley, J. M., 257
Davies, B., 154
DeGarmo, D. S., 462
Demorest, A., 360–61
Denissen, J. A. J., 483
De Roover, K., 128
Descartes, R., 13
Developmental intervention science
cognitive intervention strategies, 345
developmental processes, 342–43
developmental regulation, 342
developmental transitions, 343
ethnic identity exploration, 339–40
identity styles, 340
Native Americans, 340
personal expressiveness, 344
positive identity, 337
positive youth development, 337–39
prevention, 340
progressive change, 340–43
self-regulation, 342
self-structure change, 342–43
De Waal, F., 280
De Witte, H., 542
Dialogistic theories, 204–5
Difference and sameness
belonging, group affiliation, 16
identity as tool, 11–12
role-identity theory, 15
self as social construct, 13–14
stigma theory, 14–15
structural symbolic interactionism, 15–16
symbolic interactionism, 14
terminology, 12
Diffusion
dynamic systems theory, 139
ethnic identity, 261
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
identity development as process, 117
identity maturation, 477–78
integrative identity model, 104
internalizing symptoms, 549
psychometric studies, 138
racial/ethnic identity development, 20
systonic pole of identity diffusion, 116–17
DiLorenzo, M. L., 262
Discontinuity
lifespan identity development, 85
Divorce
adolescence/emerging adulthood, 464–65
behavioral patterns, 457
child custody, 460
cohabitation, 455
coping strategies, 455
custodial parent, 460–62
early childhood impacts, 464
ethnic identity, 455
family structure, 466
identity coherence, 455
identity profiles, 465
interactionism, 456
moratorium, 458
non-custodial parent, 461–62
nontraditional parenting roles, 462
overburdened child syndrome, 464
parenting (see parenting)
privacy, 463
psychosocial theory, 456
repartnering, remarriage, 462–63
selection effect, 457
separate togetherness, 463
Donenberg, G., 550
Dumas, T. M., 497
Dunlop, W. L., 550
DuPont, S., 254
Duriez, B., 542
Dynamic systems theory
applications, 124
context, 125
developmental time scale, 122–23
feedback loops, 123–24
top-down processes, 123
Ebbinghaus, H., 152
Edwards, D., 215
Elder, G. R., 465
Ellemers, N., 326
Ellison, N. B., 509
Erikson, E. H., 2–5, 17–18, 22, 23, 41, 53–63, 66–68, 73–78, 81–83, 85–87, 89–90, 92, 98, 100, 105, 115–18, 120, 133, 136, 137, 140, 145n1, 150, 199–200, 210, 231, 233, 241, 250, 251, 254, 258, 269, 270, 272, 287–89, 300–302, 337, 339, 349, 355, 357, 358, 407, 455, 462, 465, 473, 478, 479, 510, 530, 531, 535, 540, 542, 564, 568
Espinosa, C., 254
Ethnic identity. see racial/ethnic identity
Fadjukoff, P., 72
Family relationships
collaborative vs. individually centered families, 42–43
cultural neuroscience, 433
divorce, 466
family narrative interaction, 42
identity status model, 548–49
interaction styles, 210–11
risk, resilience, 481–83
work identity, 329
Ferguson, G. M., 410
Ferrari, J. R., 143
Ferro, A., 154
Fhagen-Smith, P. E., 259–60
Figueredo, A. J., 77
Fischer, M. M. J., 263
Foreclosure
adaptive resources, 486
context, 478–79
developmental, 117
dynamic systems theory, 139
ethnic identity, 261
firm foreclosures, 117
identity development as process, 117
identity maturation, 477–78
identity trajectories, 142
integrative identity model, 104
internalizing symptoms, 549
normative identity style, 441
psychometric studies, 138
racial/ethnic identity development, 20
well-being, 481
Foucault, M., 24
Fournier, M. A., 160
Franklin, Benjamin, 91–92
Fraser, E., 103
French, S. E., 262
Friedan, E., 327
Fuligni, A. J., 447–48
Furlong, A., 534
Fursternberg, F. F., Jr., 461
García-Coll, C., 279
Garfinkel, H., 213
Garmezy, N., 472
Garofalo, R., 550
Gee, J. P., 240
Gendered narrative identity. see also narrative identity
adolescence (see adolescence)
autonomy, achievement themes, 45
collaborative vs. individually centered families, 42–43
family narrative interaction, 42
gender conceptualization, 34
gendered identity, family reminiscing in, 42–43
gendered personal narratives emergence, 41
language, 35
literacy, 35
power relationships, 36–37
preadolescence, family reminiscing in, 42–43
role in identity development generally, 33–34
role of narrative, 35–36
self-continuity, 34
social, affiliation themes, 45
voice and silence, 36–37
Gerson, K., 329–30
Ghisletta, P., 359
Gibson, M. A., 308
Gillen, M., 8
Glenberg, A. M., 176
Gonzalez, E., 8
Goodnow, J. J., 291
Grabe, S., 413
Grant, L., 273
Gray, M. L., 514
Green, K. E., 108
Greene, S. M., 463
Greenhoot, A. F., 502
Growing Up Today Study, 411
Gutmann, A., 24
Hadassah, 242–43
Hagit, 243
Hale-Benson, J., 257
Hall, G. S., 18
Hannah, M. T., 77
Harbus, A., 13
Hare, J., 303
Hart, B. I., 395
Haslam, S. A., 326
Hauser, S. T., 486
Heer, J., 517
Hendrickson, R., 77
Hermans, H. J. M., 205
Herrick, A., 550
Hewitt, J. P., 529
Hidalgo, N. D., 308
Hill, J. P., 393
Hill, P. L., 542
Hispanics. see Latina/Latino
Hoare, C. H., 67
Hogan, B., 512
Hohmann-Marriott, B., 457
Hollway, W., 215
Hopper, J., 458
Horney, K., 202
Hoyt, T., 554
Hume, D., 13
Hyde, J. S., 413
Ideal Worker Norm, 328–30
Identities in Talk (Antaki/Widdicombe), 216
Identity capital model, 542
Identity development as process. see also dynamic systems theory; integrative identity model; three-factor model
adulthood, 69
analysis limitations, 129
autonomy, 124
class analyses, 125
commitments, 116–20
context, 120
coping strategies, 119–20
data collection, 125–27
developmental foreclosures, 117
developmental processes, 117
development of commitments, 120
diffusion, 117
dynamic systems, 119
ergodicity, 124
exploration, 116–19
firm foreclosures, 117
foreclosures, 117
identification, 116
interactional process (see interactional process)
introjection, 116
microlevel processes, 120
quantitative dynamic modeling, 129
State Space Grid (SSG), 128
storytelling, 127
systonic pole of identity diffusion, 116–17
trajectories, 122
trajectory analysis, 125–26
trajectory changes, 128
Identity development generally
correlates, 548–50
critical analyses vs. theories, 528–29
culture, conceptualization of, 7
development vs. socialization, 529
epistemological divide, 531
extensions argument, 8–9
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
healthy identity functions, 551
identity maintenance, 529
identity synthesis, 4
internalizing symptoms, 549
internal vs. external, 7
model integration, 550–52
personality functioning, 8–9
post modernism, 530–31
process and content, 4
psychosexual theory, 54
risk and resilience, 8
stages, 529
tensions in perspectives, 565–67
Identity measures generally
applications, 545–46
domain specificity, 546–47
participant classification, 547–48
quantitative dynamic modeling, 129
State Space Grid (SSG), 128
Identity process models, 103
Identity status model
achievement (see achievement)
alienated achievement, 137
antecedent conditions, 60
applications, 70–71
belonging, group affiliation, 139
concurrent personality variables, 60
congruency, 111
consequent conditions, 60
developmental assumptions testing, 108–9
developmental trajectories, 109–10
diffusion (see diffusion)
epigenetic theory, 100
ethnic identity, 261
evolutive identity, 137
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
family relationships, 548–49
fidelity, 139
foreclosure (see foreclosure)
identity process models, 103
identity resolution, 138
identity style, 19
integrative identity model (see integrative identity model)
internalizing symptoms, 549
intraindividual changes, 139
methodology, 98–101
modernization of, 539–40
moratorium (see moratorium)
phylogenetic history, 54–56
process models, 134–35
psychometric studies, 137–38
three-factor model (see three-factor model)
thrill of dissonance diffusions, 137
validation testing, 137
well-being, 549
Identity Style Measure, 76
Identity styles model
coping strategies, 119–20
developmental intervention science, 340
identity formation processes, 202
model integration, 551
modern concepts of, 541
outcomes, 541
social environment in, 202
I/me distinction
aptitudes, 203
authenticity, 203
choice, 206
concepts, definitions, 197–99
content/process correlations, 206
dialogistic theories, 204–5
difference and sameness, 14
identification, 206
identity concepts, definitions, 195–96
internal, external, interactional processes, 195–97
mind–body dualism, 198
parenting, 441–42
post-modern/social constructionist theory, 205–6
potentials, 202–3
self as object, 198
self-awareness, 207
self-concordance, 203
self-discovery, self-realization, 202–3
self-reflection, 204
Integrative identity model (Luyckx)
applications, 110
assessment methodology, 103–4
limitations, 135
person-centered studies, 104
sequences, 118
Integrative identity model (Schachter)
antithetical approach, 229–30
ascriptions, 233–34
commitment, 234
consistency constraint, 242–43
context, 238–40
discursive identity, 230–34
disjunctive approach, 229–30
internal approach, 231
justification, 229–30
language, 237
lifespan identity formation, 239–40
positioning (see positioning)
principles, 230–32
psychosocial theory, 231–32
role collaboration, 233–34
self-affirmation, 234
self-reflexivity, 232–33
semiotic mediation, 230
shared symbolism, 236
Interactional processes
crisis of representation, 213
developmental contextual model, 211
dualistic metaphysics, 213
factors-and-variables approach, 224
family interaction styles, 210–11
interior phenomena, 223–24
language, 212–13
limitations, 223–25
microinteractional contexts, 211
narrative identity, 211
positioning (see positioning)
relationality, 213
research methodology, 224
social action, 214
social epistemology, 213
social identity theory, 211
social-structural identity capital model, 211
Intergenerational Study, 71–72
Inventory of Psychosocial Balance, 76
Jaccard, J., 395
Jahromi, P., 108
James, J. B., 77
Japan, 331
Jensen, L. A., 63
Johnson, M. K., 322
Jones, L., 376
Jordaan, J. P., 322
Juang, L. P., 446
Kağitçibași, C., 478
Kakihara, F., 447
Kant, I., 13
Kanter, R. M., 329
Kaplan, B., 342
Kazdin, A. E., 365
Kelley, W. M., 425
Kernberg, O., 142
Kiesling, C., 547
Kim, S. Y., 553
Kinney, D. A., 482
Kitayama, S., 426
Kivnick, H. Q., 67
Knight, G. P., 260
Koepke, S., 483
Kohlberg, L., 54
Kohn, M., 327
Koivisto, P., 486
Kokko, K., 72
Konik, J., 503
Koot, H. M., 550
Koreans, 89
Kraus, W., 141
Kurtines, W., 7
Laclau, E., 215
Ladner, J. A., 280
Lam, J., 8
Lamont, M., 327–29
Lapsley, D. K., 447
Lardi Robyn, C., 359
Lavner, J. A., 457
La Voie, J C., 73
Lawford, H., 497
Leary, M., 5
Lee, S. J., 278
Lee, S-R., 8
Lerner, J. V., 446
Leve, L., 8
Lewin, K., 240
Lifespan identity development
avoidance goals, 89
bicultural identity integration, 85
developmental shifts, 89
discontinuity, 85
elaboration in reminiscing, 90
emotion in reminiscing, 90
generalized other, 84
identity concepts, 81–83
identity vs. role confusion, 87
integrative identity model (Schachter), 239–40
life story model, 89
maturation, 86
operational thought, 88
possible selves concept, 88–89
self-continuity, 83–86
self-storytelling, 90
social context, 87
story grammar, 90
traits, 84–86
values, 88
Lifton, R. J., 205
Lodi-Smith, J., 498
Lombardo, J. P., 393
Lukacher, N., 183
Lynch, C. I., 257
Lynch, M. E., 393
Mackavey, W. R., 158
MacLeod, J., 280
Madden-Derdich, D. A., 459
Major, B., 34
Malley, J., 158
Mandler, J. M., 90
Marcia, J. E., 2, 17, 18, 56, 60, 61, 67, 68, 70–71, 75, 76, 77, 83, 87, 88, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 115–18, 117, 120, 126, 133–34, 140, 143, 200, 201, 250, 270, 287, 288, 348, 356, 357, 465, 476, 492, 500, 543, 544, 546, 567
Marital dissolution. see divorce
Markey, C. N., 407
Marks, S. R., 332
Markus, H., 88–89
Markus, H. R., 426
Marshall, S. K., 551
Marwick, A. E., 519
Maslow, A. H., 202
Mathur, V. A., 429
McAdams, D. P., 2, 3, 6, 12, 21, 22, 62, 69–70, 89, 91, 151, 158, 161, 167, 356, 357, 476, 491–94, 495f, 498, 499, 532, 544, 545, 549, 565, 567, 570
McCall, G. J., 15
McCouch, R. J., 377
McCrae, R. R., 491
McKinney, J. P., 446
McLuhan, M., 508
Meca, A., 7
Meeus, W. H. J., 6, 19, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 125, 133–37, 139, 211, 261, 476, 543, 545, 547, 550, 551
Merrill, N. A., 159
Mexican Americans, 85
Miller, J., 416
Misra, S., 516
Missotten, L., 110
Molenaar, P. C. M., 124
Moratorium
characteristics, definitions, 18, 56, 61, 68, 117, 133–34, 200, 201, 250, 270, 476, 477, 492, 494–96
divorce, 458
dynamic systems theory, 139
emerging adulthood, 494–96
ethnic identity, 261
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
identity maturation, 477–78
integrative identity model, 104
psychometric studies, 138
racial/ethnic identity development, 20
Motti, F., 8
Mouffe, C., 215
Mrazek, A., 8
Murray, Henry, 2
Mustanski, B., 550
Naoi, N., 432
Narrative identity model
conceptual self (tacit themes of narratives), 153
cultural, political situatedness, 23
culture effects, 358
depression studies, 359–60
development as interpretive process, 21
domain-specificity, 547
evidence-based identity therapy, 355–56
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 550
identity configuration, 22
interactional processes, 211
internalizing symptoms, 549
language in, 23
lifespan identity development, 89–92
meaning-making, 544–45
narrative coherence, 361
self as actor, 22
self as agent, 22
self as author, 22
self as social construct, 23
self-reflection, 204
Natsuaki, M., 8
Negro-to-black conversion (nigrescence), 20
Nguyen, A. M. D., 273
Nichter, M., 417
Nietzsche, F., 183
Nord, C. W., 461
Norton, D. L., 202
Nucci, L., 443
Nurius, P., 88–89
Nurmi, J. -E., 486
Objectification theory, 409–10
Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (OM-EIS), 140–41
Occupational identity. see work identity
Olivardia, R., 410
Olmedo, E., 261
Olsen, J. A., 372
Optimal distinctiveness theory, 292–93
Owens, T. J., 12
Oyserman, D., 273
Packer, M., 212
Paha, C., 156
Palkovitz, R., 76
Pals, J. L. see Lilgendahl, J. P. (nee Pals)
Parenting
adaptive control patterns, 446–47
conflict outcomes, 445–48
conventional domain, 439–41
decision-making control, 446–48
domain-specific explanations, 446–47
European-Americans, 444
identity development, 437–39
I/me distinction, 441–42
interdependencies, coordinations, 449
maladaptive control patterns, 447–48
parental control, 449–51
peer advice seeking, 448
peer orientation, 448
psychological control, 447
psychological domain, 439
secrecy vs. disclosure, 445
social-cognitive domain theory, 449
styles in risk, resilience, 483
Passeron, C., 302
Pennebaker, J. W., 91
Perkins, T. S., 292
Personal identity
exploration in school, 302
Personality development
adjustment, 498–99
agency, 493
autobiographical reasoning, 493
coherence, complexity, 493
communion, 493
ethnic identity, 503–4
exploratory-accommodative approach, 498–99
extroversion vs. introversion, 501–2
identity concepts, definitions, 490–91
identity configurations, 503–4
identity conflict, 503–5
identity intersections, 502–5
maturity trajectory, 494
personality as characteristic adaptations, 492–93
personality as traits, 491–92
redemption, contamination, 493
sentence completion test, 494
traits as moderators, 500–505
transformational processing, 498–99
well-being, 497–98
Pfeifer, J. H., 428
Phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (P-VEST), 272
Philippe, F. L., 170
Phillips, K. A., 410
Philogène, G., 263
Pittinsky, T. L., 257
Pleydell-Pearce, C. W., 153
Political conflict
adolescence/emerging adulthood, 370–81
Colombia, 377–80
dehumanization, 373
discrimination, 380–81
emotional detachment, 374–75
essentialized identities, 378–82
goals, emotions, and cognitions, 374–75
group identity, 371–73
immigrants, refugees, 380–82
meaning-making capacity disruption, 374–75
multiple identities, 380–81
self as agent, 369–70
Serbian youth, 376
societal beliefs, 371–73
therapeutic interventions, 383–84
victimization, 376–77
violent acts, 376–81
war, 375–81
Pope, H. G., 410
Popovska, A., 360
Positioning
identities analysis, 215–17
membership categories, 216–17
in narratives, 171–72
practices, 216–17
as second-order phenomena, 216
Project Competence study, 485
Protestants, 370
Puberty. see also body image
adrenarche, 390–91
adult-like behaviors, 398
animal models, 396–97
biological definition, 390–91
body image, 397–98
cognitive shifts, 394
contextual amplification hypothesis, 398–99
cortisol, 396
estrogen, estradiol, 396
false-self behaviors, 395
gonadarche, 390–91
identity crisis, 393
masculinity, 394–96
meaning-making, 391
menarche rites, 391
menstruation, 391
neuroimaging studies, 397
pituitary gland, 397
pubertal status, 391
pubertal tempo, 392
puberty-initiated mediation hypothesis, 397
romantic relationships, 399–401
testosterone, 397
victimization, 398
Pulkkinen, L., 72
Punamaki, R. L., 372
Puritans, 91–92
Q-sort, 72
Quantitative dynamic modeling, 129
Quijada, P. D., 251
Quintana, S. M., 447
Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., 109
Racial/ethnic identity. see also cultural stereotypes; culture as ethnicity
autonomy, 20
belonging, group affiliation, 20
body image, 413–14
centrality, 20
commitment outcomes, 547
diffusion/foreclosure, 20
disintegration, 20
exploration, 339–40
externalizing, health risk behaviors, 549–50
ideology, 20
information processing approaches, 21
intersectionality, 553–54
models generally, 260–62
moratorium, 20
negative identity, 19
Negro-to-black conversion (nigrescence), 20
pseudo-independence, 20
racial identity models, 257–60
reintegration, 20
salience, 20
theories generally, 19–21
whites, 20–21
Radmacher, K., 552
Recchia, H., 8
Relational being, 24
Reminiscing. see storytelling
Remy, L., 8
Revill, J., 254
Ricciardelli, L. A., 413
Rice, Condoleeza, 255
Risk, resilience
adaptation indices, 474–75
adaptive functioning, 475
adaptive history, 479–80
African-Americans, 481
concepts, principles, 474–75
coping strategies, 484–85
dependence–independence, 478
developmental tasks, 474–79
discrimination, 481
dissociation, 482
factors affecting, 475
family experiences, 481–83
identity as resource, 484–86
identity maturation, 477–78
identity synthesis vs. confusion, 476
immigrant paradox, 481
individualism–collectivism, 478
internal adaptation, 474
life story construction, 476–77
parenting styles, 483
personal goals, 484
positive identity trajectories, outcome, 475–79
Project Competence study, 485
research generally, 472–73
risks generally, 480–82
school experiences, 482
self-concept, 476
self-esteem, 479–80
societal-level variables, 481
zeitgeist, 473
Robins, R. W, 497
Rogers, C. R., 202
Rogers, T. B., 425
Role-identity theory, 15
Rubin, D. C., 162
Rubini, M., 550
Rumbaut, R. G., 300
Russians, 89
Rutter, M., 472
Sabik, N. J., 413
Saini, M., 459
Sales, J. M., 159
Salgado, J., 205
Salmela-Aro, K., 486
Salmon, K., 161
Sam, D. L., 261–62
Sameness. see difference and sameness
Sameroff, A. J., 481
Samuels, D., 8
Sanders, K., 254
Sankey, A. M., 140–41
Santos, C. E., 281
Schaefer, B. A., 259–60
Schechtman, M., 167
Schneider, B., 321
School, schooling
academic identities, 300
accommodation without assimilation, 304
acting white, 304–6
affirmation, 302
ambivalence, 304–5
assimilation, 300
Community Cultural Wealth framework, 302
continuity, cultural reproduction, 300
cultural, linguistic assimilation, 304
discrimination/stigma, 302–10
Ethnic Identity Scale, 302
European Americans, 299
exploration, 302
linguistic capital, 302
Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM-R), 302
narratives, 302–3
Native Americans, 299–302
navigational capital, 302
oppositional cultural frame of reference, 305
oppositional identities, 300
Pacific Islanders, 302
personal identity exploration, 302
positive identity shift, 309
psychosocial theory, 301
resistance/opposition, 305
resistant capital, 302
resolution (commitment), 302
tracking, 303
upward mobility resources, 302
Schooler, C., 327
Schouten, A. P., 513–14
Schwammlein, E., 511
Schwartz, S. J., 5, 9, 110, 210, 343–46, 467, 483, 500–501, 535, 541–43, 545, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555
Seaton, C. L., 76
Seaton, E. K., 261
Self-construal theory, 424
Self-continuity
gendered narrative identity, 34
lifespan identity development, 83–86
school, schooling, 300
Self-discrepancy theory, 408–9
Self-Examination Interview, 77
Sen, A., 24
Serafini, T., 551
Serbian youth, 376
Serpe, R. T., 236
Seventh Generation Program, 340
Shakespeare, W., 84
Sherman, A. M., 416
Shih, M., 257
Shoda, Y., 356
Sica, L. S., 551
Siegel, P., 360–61
Silverman, W. K., 395
Simmons, J. L., 15
Sisters of Nia, 339–40
Sjomeling, M., 257
Slep, A. M., 356
Slone, M., 373
Smith, V., 326
Social-cognitive domain theory, 449
Social comparison theory, 408
Social identity, relationships. see also family relationships
culture as ethnicity, 250–51
identity styles model, 202
lifespan identity development, 87
narrative identity model, 23
social networking sites, 515
Social networking sites
agency, 508–9
alternative perspectives, 514
bridging social capital, 514–15
concepts, definitions, 509–10
content communities, 509
context collapse, 519
customized sociality, 512–17
displacement hypothesis, 512
extroversion vs. introversion, 518
foreclosure, 510
friendship, 513
impression formation, 517
information overload, 515–16
Internet technologies, 508
multiple identities, 519–20
narcissism, 518
parental relationship, 515
photos, 516–17
popularity as goal, 515
privacy, 518–19
relatedness, 510–12
self-esteem, 517–19
self-presentations, 516–18
social comparison, 515
social connectedness, 517
social grooming, 511
social information, 513–15
social support, 513–14
virtual worlds, 509
warranting principle, 517
well-being, 513–14
Sorell, G. T., 547
Spithorst, H., 127
Starr, C. R., 410
State Space Grid (SSG), 128
Stattin, H., 398
Staudinger, U., 156
Steele, C., 255
Steele, S., 255
Stephan, Y., 417
Stephen, J., 103
Sternberg, L., 456
Stevenson, D., 321
Stokols, D., 516
Stone, J., 257
Stone, L. D., 91
Stone, M. R., 485
Storytelling
elaboration in reminiscing, 90
gendered identity, family reminiscing in, 42–43
identity development as process, 127
intersectionality, 554
narrative identity model, 22–23
personal memory telling, 22
preadolescence, family reminiscing in, 42–43
Strauman, T. J., 356
Strayer, J., 288
Structural symbolic interactionism, 15–16
Suárez-Orozco, C., 272
Super, D. E., 322
Sutin, A. R., 497
Symbolic interactionism, 14
Systonic pole of identity diffusion, 116–17
Talleyrand, R. M., 253
Tangney, J., 5
Tashiro, J., 513
Tavernier, R., 549
Taylor, D. M., 554
Telesford, J., 260
Thomas, Clarence, 255
Thompson, C. E., 252t
Thompson, J. M., 395
Three-factor model
certainty–uncertainty dynamic, 109
class analyses, 125
classification, 105–6
entropy, 106
identity clusters, 106
identity maturation, 109
identity transitions, 109–10
limitations, 135
Thrill of dissonance diffusions, 137
Tieu, T. T., 497
Tiggemann, M., 416
Tilton-Weaver, L., 447
Timmerman, M. E., 129
Tisak, M. S., 443
Tompkins, S., 2
Tracy, J. L., 550
Trimble, J., 261
Tripartite model, 409
Tufekci, Z., 519
Tynes, B., 514
Udall-Weiner, D., 414
Usborne, E., 554
Van der Gaag, M., 126–27
Van der Linden, M., 359
Vandiver, B. J., 259–60
Van Doorn, N., 517
Van Geert, P. L. C., 122
Vansteenkiste, M., 549
Vedder, P., 261–62
Ventura, 287
Von Eye, A., 446
Wagenbach, P., 414
Wallerstein, J. S., 464
Wang, Q., 91
Wassink, M. E. K., 73
Weight issues, 412–15
Weisz, J. R., 340
Well-being
achievement, 481
body image, 409
concepts, definitions, 549
foreclosure, 481
personality development, 497–98
Werner, E. E., 472
Werner, H., 342
Wetherell, M., 531
Whiting, B. B., 286
Widdicombe, S., 216
Wiley, R. E., 450
Willoughby, T., 549
Wilson, A., 8
Wittgenstein, L., 212
Wodzicki, K., 511
Wong, C. A., 481
Work identity
adolescence/emerging adulthood, 322–24
apprenticeships, 330
collectivism, 330–31
contexts, 322–26
cross-cultural variation, 330–32
employment relationships, 322–26
employment-to-population ratio, 331
family devotion schema, 329
gender differences, 327–30
Ideal Worker Norm, 328–30
identity theory (Stryker), 324–26
occupational inequality, 332
retirement, institutionalization of, 332
social class, 326–27
universality, 326–31
work devotion schema, 329
Yang, C., 514
YES!, 339–40
Yip, T., 261
Yoder, A., 502
Yosso, T. J., 302
Young, R. A., 140–41
Youth Development Study, 323–25
Zarrett, N., 77
Zhu, Y., 426
Zucker, A. N., 72
Zurbriggen, E. L., 416