(p. 591)
Index
Figures are indicated by “f” following the page numbers.
AAIs (animal-assisted interventions), 87–88
Abolitionist paradigm
criticism of welfare reform efforts, 3,
36
on domesticated animals, 2,
9,
304
nonviolent nature of, 37–38
speciesism rejected by, 37
Acquired vs. basic rights, 34
Actualist higher-order thought, 340n8
Act utilitarianism, 28,
31
Advocacy movements
focus on passive suffering in, 48–50
for humane animal use, 25,
33
Affection for working animals, 311–312
Agropark project, 20,
551
American Bird Conservancy, 551
American Civil Liberties Union, 200
American Humane Association, 98
American Notes (Dickens), 100
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 102,
103
Anchoring argument of beliefs, 327
The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate Mammals in the Middle East (Uerpmann), 485
Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), 87–88
Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC), 11,
359,
360,
361
Animal-industrial complex (AI-C), 201
The Animal in Ottoman Europe (Mikhail), 262
Animal law
human exceptionalism challenged by, 179
Animal Law (Frasch et al.), 171,
173
Animal Machines: The New Factor Farming Industry (Harrison), 282,
370–371
Animal rights, 25–42.
See also Animal welfare
historical development of, 2,
26–30
legal protections for, 38–39
limitations of traditional approaches to, 3,
46,
50,
56
modern movement for, 30–34
as social movement, 39–40
Animals. See also specific animals
Animals, Men and Morals: An Enquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-Humans (Godlovitch et al.), 31
Animals as legal subjects, 167–188.
See also Property status
challenges and contemporary opportunities, 179–182
cognitive considerations in, 182,
183
critique of dominant paradigm regarding, 173–176
cultural variations regarding, 169
empirical support for, 169
implications of expanded notions of, 172–173
social-change techniques for promoting, 177–178
terminology considerations, 167–169
as topic of concern in legal practice and law education, 170–173
trends inside and outside law, 182–185
Animals Ecology (Elton), 493
Animals’ Friends Society, 30
Animal shelters, 98–112
adoption promotion measures, 106
caring-killing paradox of, 99
social and cultural significance of, 98,
107
The Animals Issue (Carruthers), 353
Animals’ Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (Salt), 30
Animal studies. See also Animal research
diversification of inquiry in, 162
factors influencing growth of, 1,
172
theoretical contributions to, 5,
160–161
Animal tourism
frameworks for interpretation of, 507
Animal Welfare Act amendment of 1985, 360
Animal welfare science
anacrhonism of applying findings from, 275n32
Anti-cruelty laws
duties of care under, 67,
73
Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (Hofstadter), 345
Aquariums
ecological education from, 403,
404
negative perceptions of, 397
objectification of animals by, 11
positive perceptions of, 397
ARC Wildlife Overpass Competition, 20,
551
Aristotle
on animals as subjects of inquiry, 489–490
on eternal nature of species, 497
on humans as political animals, 44,
45
on linguistic agency as precondition for political status, 45,
49,
51–52
Artistic use of animals, 433–455
institutional oversight mechanisms for, 450–451
motivation of artists in, 15,
445
ASDs (autism spectrum disorders), 88
ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), 102,
103
Association of Zoos and Aquariums, 398,
403
Augustine (saint), 43,
149
Australia
animal research protections in, 361
International Social Science Survey in, 86
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), 88
Autonoetic consciousness, 235
Autonomy. See also Agency
preference autonomy, 33,
37
Aviary systems for egg production, 367
Awakening to the presence of others, 21
Bahamas
gender differences in dog ownership in, 116
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940, 73
Bali
transition from foraging to farming in, 141
Basic vs. acquired rights, 34
Bats, interspecies dialogue with, 211
Beastly Folklore (Clark), 135
Beavers, production activities of, 306,
307
Bees, production activities of, 306,
307
Beliefs
anchoring argument of, 327
comparison with emotion, 329
premature meta-articulation and, 324–325
Berechiah ha-Nakdan (fabulist), 459
Bern Convention of 1979, 494,
498
Best Friends Animal Society, 104
Bhutan, roaming dogs in, 122,
125
Big Garden Birdwatch, 19,
528
Bill Gates Foundation, 304
Biodiversity
in Yellowstone ecosystem, 18
Birds
building design considerations for, 549,
551
as companion animals, 81,
82
emotional expressions in, 329
in food animal production, 367,
374
living property status for, 70–71
prophetic significance of, 456
Black Beauty (Sewell), 169
Bodies-minds-natures framework of animal welfare, 12,
373–374
The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism among the Primates (de Waal), 169
Bovine somatotropin (BST), 351
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 283
Brambell, F. W. Rogers, 371
Brazil
exploitation of workers in, 200,
201
Brer Rabbit (fable character), 460–461
British War Dogs (Richardson), 249
Brobjer, Thomas H., 273n6
Broken windows concept, 126
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), 283
BST (bovine somatotropin), 351
Buffon, Comte de (Georges-Louis Leclerc), 491–492
Burials with companion animals, 81–82
Cambodia, roaming dogs in, 117,
118
Canada, animal research protections in, 361
A Cannibal in Vancouver (Gibson), 438
Capitalism
in human-animal relationships, 306
negative constraints of, 194
Captive Animals’ Protection Society (CAPS), 398
Carbon dioxide emissions, 192
The Case for Animal Experimentation (Fox), 351
The Case for Animal Rights (Regan), 33
Cats
costs associated with, 83
encephalization quotient for, 228
impact of human cultural and economic change on, 277n66
predation on wild bird species, 3
Cattle
archaeozoological studies of, 481–484
dominant-submission system of, 280
global populations of, 192
housing in food animal production, 367–368
viewpoint of cows headed for slaughter, 211
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 90,
123
Cetacean cognition, 227–239
cultural transmission of learned traditions and, 237
encephalization quotient and, 228
pointing and referencing, 231
social complexity and networking, 236–237
Chambre, Marin Cureau de la, 212
Charlton, Anna E., 2,
9,
25
Chickens, communication among, 213
Children
human exceptionalism, impact on attitudes toward nature, 181
labor exploitation of, 200
roaming dogs as concern for, 118
Chimpanzees
cognitive abilities of, 183,
248
CITES agreement (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), 498
Citizenship
capacity requirements for, 58
City Beautiful movement, 549
Civil suits for abuse, 74
Climate change
habitat destruction due to, 192
husbandry systems impacted by, 17
urban ecosystems impacted by, 558
Cognitive inferiority, 27
Collaboration in human-animal relationships, 270–271
Colony systems for egg production, 367
Commensal animals, 525–541.
See also Urban ecosystems
behavioral coevolution between humans and, 19,
527,
537
physical environment considerations for, 527
technological responses to, 537
zoonotic diseases from, 536
The Common Law (Holmes), 174
Community dog-keeping, 115
Companion animals. See also specific animals
costs associated with, 83
terminology considerations, 298n51
Comparative osteology, 17,
476
Concealment strategies, 145
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
bodies-minds-natures framework applied to, 12,
374
negative consequences of, 198,
546
Consciousness
evidence for animal consciousness, 405–406
premature meta-articulation of, 323–324
skepticism regarding ability to study, 11
transitive vs. intransitive, 322,
323
Constant paradox of human-animal relationships, 290,
294
Constitution, US
property categories under, 71–72
Consumer testing research, 351
Continental European ethics, 152–166
dismissive attitudes toward, 158–159
poststructural hermeneutics and deconstruction in, 155–158,
159
on trans-human morality, 159
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES agreement), 498
Cooperation vs. coordination, 312–313
Coral reef fish, mutualistic relationship with wrasse, 84
Corson, Samuel and Elizabeth, 87
Cowperthwaite, Gabriela, 398
Creature consciousness, 322
Critical animal studies (CAS), 189–207
research methodology for, 201
Critical thinking skills, 423
Cultural transmission of learned traditions, 237
Damages awarded for abuse, 68–69,
74
Darwin, Charles
on animals as slaves, 144
implications of work of, 266
on natural selection, 83–84
“Darwin in the Monkey Cage” (Hochadel), 402
Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie, 491–492
Dead Certainties (Schama), 274n26
De animalibus (Albertus Magnus), 490–491
Declaration of Independence, US, 177
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (United Nations), 54
Demetrius of Phaleron, 457
Descartes, René
dualistic ontology of, 209
as founder of human exceptionalism, 254n20
on interspecies dialogue, 212,
220
on separation between humans and animals, 368
Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer & Adorno), 209
Didymus of Alexandria, 459
Disabled persons, political rights of, 52,
53,
57,
63n33
Discordant Harmonies (Botkin), 555
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 242
Dispositionalist higher-order thought, 340n8
Divorce, companion animals in, 3,
69,
78
Dogs
bounty system for catching, 4,
101,
107
cognitive abilities of, 248
costs associated with, 83
dog bites as public-health problem, 3,
90,
118–119
domestication of, 17,
243
evolution from wolves, 47
incorporation into human society, 47
legislative protections for, 73
mapping brain activity of, 223n71
prevalence as pets, 4,
81
psychological effect of work on, 318n41
Dolly Mixtures (Franklin), 365
“The Dolphin Papers” (Rodman), 140
Domesticated (Stein), 435
Domesticated animals. See also Companion animals;
specific animalsabolitionist paradigm on, 2,
9,
304
categorizations influencing perceptions of, 286
human-directed emphasis on, 280–281
legal classification of, 3,
5
Paleolithic representations of, 14
political theory of animal rights for, 51–53
Donor-controlled food webs, 527
Donovan, Josephine, 6,
208
Drug development research, 350
Ecological Imperialism (Crosby), 137
Ecology of Stray Dogs (Beck), 114
Educational research, 350
Education and training
on critical thinking skills, 423
on humane research practices, 360
on interspecies dialogue, 311
Elephants
historical studies of, 262
resistance behaviors by, 250
Emotion
cognitivist account of, 330
comparison with beliefs, 329
making/tracking confusion and, 330–331
Empathy
feminist care theory on, 213
making/tracking confusion and, 334–335
misplaced or misguided, 334
of stockpeople for livestock, 285,
289
The Empathy Exams (Jamison), 332
Encephalization quotient (EQ), 228
Epoques de la nature (Leclerc), 492
EQ (encephalization quotient), 228
Equal consideration principle, 28,
29,
31,
33
Ethics
in animal welfare science, 372
on pain and suffering, 28,
32
in political theory of animal rights, 49
in urban ecosystems, 20,
549
Ethology
archaeozoology and, 17,
485
hierarchical scandal in, 269
on interspecies dialogue, 209
Etymologia (Isidore of Seville), 490
Euthanasia
failed human-animal relationships resulting in, 4,
90
Exploitation
in artistic use of animals, 440
institutionalized, 34,
35
Exposición No. 1 (Vargas), 437
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 215–217
Extinction
Sixth Great Extinction, 191,
497
Extreme animal tourism, 506–524
future research directions, 522n16
human-animal relationships in, 508–509
“The Fable of the Fox” (unknown author), 458–459
Factory farms
critical animal studies on, 196–201
Farbe-Vassus, Claudine, 463
Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC), 378n16
Fear, expression by dogs, 321
(p. 604)
Federal Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act of 2006, 201
Feminism
as source of critical animal studies, 196
Fish
as companion animals, 81,
82
in mutualistic relationships, 84
Floor systems for egg production, 367
Folklore, 456–472
as cultural alternative to modern views of animals, 469
Foot and mouth disease, 291
Foundation for Biomedical Research, 346
Foxes
human relationships with, 81
France
river-rescue-dog program in, 251–252
Francis of Assisi (saint), 218,
538
Funding for animal shelters, 98–99
Galapagos Islands tourism, 509–516
demographic characteristics of visitors, 511
preservation and protection efforts, 515–516
Game Management (Leopold), 494
Gazelles, social behavior of, 280
GDP (gross domestic product), 198
Gender differences. See also Women
in emotional division of labor, 219
Generation of Animals (Aristotle), 489
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 550
Germany
Socioeconomic Panel in, 86
GHGs (greenhouse gases), 192,
198
Gir Forest, lions of, 8,
266
GIS (Geographic Information Systems), 550
Goats
housing in food animal production, 367–368
roaming dogs as danger to, 123
Godlovitch, Roslind and Stanley, 31
The Golden Calf (Hirst), 435
The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond Humanity (Cavalieri & Singer), 32
Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 192,
198
Gross domestic product (GDP), 198
Guatemala, dog bites in, 118
Harris, Joel Chandler, 460
Health
human-animal relationships and, 3,
84–85,
86
Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 360–361
Histoire naturelle (Leclerc & Daubenton), 491–492
Historiae animalium (Gessner), 490
Historical animal studies, 258–278
contradictory relationships in, 258
cultural and biological differences as influence on, 268,
276n51
Nietzsche on destructive potential of, 258–259
History of Animals (Aristotle), 489
The History of Four-Footed Beasts, Serpents, and Insects (Topsell & Moffet), 459
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Universe (Adams), 380–381
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 174
Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 582,
583
Horses
emotional expressions by, 216
Human-animal relationships, 81–97.
See also Animals;
Humans
economic benefits of, 85–86
failures and negative impact of, 3–4,
90
in indigenous communities, 241
scientific animal objects and, 385,
392
settlement patterns and, 17
social parasitism hypothesis and, 84
social support from, 88–90
Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, 39,
199
Humane Society of the United States, 39–40,
98
Hunting
factors impacting success in, 417
objectification of animals in, 11
recreation and tradition argument for, 420–422
Husbandry. See also Livestock
advantages and disadvantages of, 12
industrialization of, 304,
366
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 493
Hyperprivileged animal tourism, 18
Hypothetical-deductive research, 305
IAATO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators), 516
ICAM (International Companion Animal Management Coalition), 123,
124
ICAZ (International Council of Archaeozoology), 476–477
I Like America and America Likes Me (Beuys), 436–437
ILO (International Labor Organization), 199,
200
The Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (Hirst), 435
In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 210
“In Defense of Raymond Sebond” (Montaigne), 212
India
commensal species in, 535,
538
Indigenous communities
human-animal relationships in, 241
recognition of more-than-human community by, 180
Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know (Horowitz), 169
Institute for Critical Animal Studies, 190,
195
Institute for Social Research, 194
International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO), 516
International Companion Animal Management Coalition (ICAM), 123,
124
International Council of Archaeozoology (ICAZ), 476–477
International Labor Organization (ILO), 199,
200
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 498
Interspecies dialogue, 208–224
dismissive attitudes toward, 209,
220
education and training on, 311
Intransitive consciousness, 322,
323
“Intriguing Habitats, and Careful Discussions of Climate Change” (Kaufman), 404
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham), 27
Italy, roaming dogs in, 117
IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), 498
Japan, xenotransplantation in, 390
Jeremijenko, Natalie, 552
“The Juniper Tree” (Runge), 463,
464
Jurassic Park (film), 500
Justice
critical animal studies and, 190,
191
in human-animal relationships, 2,
6
in political theory of animal rights, 2,
3,
47,
52,
60
Kenya, dog-keeping practices in, 116
Khalila wa Dimna (al-Muqaffa), 459
Language, Truth, and Logic (Ayer), 347
Last Child in the Woods (Louv), 181
Laurance, William F., 192
The Law of Animals (Ingham), 170–171
Leclerc, Georges-Louis (Comte de Buffon), 491–492
Lenski, Jean and Gerhard, 138
Leonardo’s Choice: Genetic Technologies and Animals (Gigliotti), 201–202
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 459
“The Lion, the Ass, and the Fox” (fable), 458
Living property status
capacity of ownership and, 77–78
categories of animals included in, 70–71
consequences of creating category of, 72–74
duty of care laws and, 76–77
legal rights provided by, 3,
74–78
living space requirements and, 77
prohibited uses of animals under, 75–76
Living space requirements, 77
Loch Ness monster, 16,
466
Long-term ecological research (LTER) projects, 552
MacKinnon, Catharine A., 208
Making/tracking confusion
Mammals, living property status for, 70–71.
See also specific mammals
Man and the Natural World (Thomas), 136,
260
Marie de France (fabulist), 459
Mason, James B. (Jim), 5,
9,
135
Maternal Thinking (Ruddick), 219
McDonaldization of food animal production, 282–283
Meat consumption
historical debates regarding, 368–369
negative consequences of, 6
urbanization and, 20,
546
Mental well-being, duty of care laws for, 76–77
Mesopotamia, artistic use of animals in, 5,
142–143,
144
Middle Ages
cultural representations of animals in, 14–15,
143
Middle East
artistic use of animals in, 142–143
commensal animals in, 529,
534
elite class prohibitions against eating pork in, 17
transition from foraging to farming in, 140
Misothery, 135–151
agrarian view of animals and, 139
cultural devices to cope with, 5,
144–146
speech expressions, negative associations with animals in, 135–136
Misrepresentation strategies, 145
Montaigne, Michel de, 212
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (Gompertz), 30
More-than-human urban ecosystems, 20,
546–548
The Morphology of the Fairy Tale (Propp), 462
Morris Refuge Association for Homeless and Suffering Animals, 102
Mother and Daughter (Hirst), 435
Multispecies ethnography, 547
nanoq: flat out and bluesome (Snæbjörnsdóttir & Wilson), 435
National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy, 107n2
National Society for Medical Research, 104
Nation-states, conceptualization of, 50–51
Natural history, as field of study, 489–493
The Nature of Sympathy (Scheler), 217–218
Neolithic era
commensal animals in, 529
human-animal relationships in, 3
New Guinea singing dogs (NGSD), 481
New Zealand
animal research protections in, 361
NIH Reauthorization Act of 1985, 360–361
Nomads and the Outside World (Khazanov), 484
Nonverbal communication, 212
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 549
On the Language of Brutes (Fabricus), 212
Open admission shelters, 105
Ortega y Gasset, José, 444
Osteology, comparative, 17
Overintellectualization, 10
Paleolithic era
commensal animals in, 529,
533
cultural representations of animals in, 14
human-animal relationships in, 3
interspecies dialogue in, 214
Panchatantra (Vishnu Sharma), 459
Parakeets, as commensal species, 536–537
Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 489
Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, 496–497
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 40,
72
Personal property status
of domesticated animals, 3,
65
duties associated with, 66,
67,
68
Personhood
human interests and protection of, 25
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), 40,
72
Pet-facilitated psychotherapy (PFP), 87
Phenomenal consciousness, 232,