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(p. 685) Subject Index
(p. 685) Subject Index
Figures and tables are indicated by “f” and “t” following page numbers.
Aarhus Convention (1998 Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation In Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters), 622
Abatement scenarios, 205. See also Cost–benefit analysis (CBA); Incentives for noncooperative countries; Mitigation policies; Second-best abatement
Acid Rain Program, 376
Adaptation, 4
adaptive R&D, 326
agriculture, rate of adapting of, 596
cost estimates, 549
Country Assistance Strategies incorporating, 151
dynamics of multiagent economic-environmental system, 120–122
food crops related to temperatures, 593
increasing height of coastal defenses, 9
model-predictive climate policies in multicountry setting, 114–138
scenarios description, 131–132
updating damage function, 127–129
updating of discount rate, 129
Africa. See also specific countries and regions
AIDS treatment patents in, 339
precipitation changes tied to global warming, 594
stoves technology, 325
Agriculture, 588–600. See also Developing countries
climate change’s expected positive effect on, 589
as climate-sensitive industry, 589
Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments, 590–591
inaction’s cost, 588–589
reduced estimates of carbon fertilization, 590–591
temperature threshold model for crop yields, 591–593
transition of labor from agriculture to manufacturing and services, 446
Altriusm, 650
Amphibian extinctions, 575
Arbitration and conflict resolution, 622–623
Australia
climatic instability, effects of, 647
emission trading system, 277
employment impact of carbon tax, 471
malaria, 580
precipitation changes tied to global warming, 594
renewable energy, 353
Automobile industry
diesel-powered cars, 354–355
joint automobile ventures of China with U.S., emission control technologies of, 339
Bacteria, 650
Bali Conference and Bali Action Plan (2007), 610–611
Bayesian games, 154
Bölling–Allerod warming and formation of low-pressure areas, 572
BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 403
Brazil. See also BRICS
biofuels from, 332
climate-friendly innovation, 324
distribution of climate rent according to historical emissions, proposal from, 274
economic growth stimulus in future from, 146
forest products exporter, 223
fossil fuel energy from, 151
hydropower development, 537
patent data from, 332
R&D performance of, 323
Burden-sharing literature, 281–282
Bush administration’s opposition to Kyoto Protocol, 617
Business-as-usual policy, 5, 10f, 30
agriculture and, 588–589
Copenhagen Agreement pledges and, 278
human nature and, 114
with low abatement, 96–107
model predictive rational behavior and, 125
in RICE model scenario, 118
California
groundwater reserves, 595
Cambridge Econometric E3ME model, 455
Cap-and-trade, 4, 5, 446, 629, 660. See also Emission trading systems (ETS); European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction, 1, 84–85, 116, 171. See also Greenhouse gases (GHGs); specific agreements, conventions, and treaties
double-dividend hypothesis, 448–456
noncooperative countries, incentives for. See Incentives for noncooperative countries
reduced estimates of carbon fertilization of crops, 590–591
uncertainty on safe cumulative emissions limit, 173
Carbon fee. See Carbon tax
Carbon tax, 4, 640–641, 643. See also Emission reduction policies
cost reduction or zero or negative cost associated with, 449–450
double-sided vector autoregression (VAR) used to assess effectiveness of, 4
effectiveness of, 282–283
as gradualist approach to climate policy, 22
personal income taxes reduction coupled with, 453
renewable energies and, 4
uncertainty of benefits from, 449
Carbon trading systems. See Cap-and-trade; Emission reduction policies; European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS); Fairness in climate negotiations
Carter administration, 351
Chemical industry, 537
Chicken Game, 276
China. See also BRICS
abatement investment of, 218
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) as national asset, 338
cooking stoves technology, 325
Copenhagen agreement, signatory to, 508
energy efficiency, 479
hunger reduction, 520
hydropower development, 537
increased science and technology (S&T) capabilities, 329
joint automobile ventures with U.S., emission control technologies of, 339
knowledge spillovers encouraged by, 328
Kyoto Protocol and, 617
lessons learned from, generalizable nature of, 333
local content requirement for new wind farms, 337–338
methodology to calculate CO2 emissions, 557–561
as net exporter of pollutants, 556
nuclear energy, 398
pilot emission trading systems, 277
R&D performance of, 323
Renewable Energy Development Project’s success, 335
technology transfer from, to other developing countries, 332
trade deficit of US vs. trade surplus of China, 145
US relations with, 657
Citizens Climate Lobby, 644
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, 326, 330, 337–338, 339–340, 617, 634n7, 649, 660, 663, 664, 665, 668
Clean technologies. See Technological change
Climate change. See also Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Arctic, effects on. See Ice sheet disintegration
Avoiding dangerous climate change forum (2006), 507
Earth’s orbital variations and, 143
energy distribution and, 142–143
evidence of, 647–648
failure of Earth to self-regulate, 655
general population awareness of, 648
global challenge of, 663
greenhouse gases (GHGs) and, 143–144
human responsibility for, 9, 11, 20, 22, 25, 53, 116, 144, 204, 297, 499, 501, 504–505, 520, 572, 611, 615, 635n35, 655
hydrological cycle and, 578
increase in mean temperature, 53–54
lack of understanding of, 142
literature review, 142–144
macroeconomic considerations of, 149–151
ocean warming, 571–572
solar radiation and, 143
thresholds and abrupt changes, 568–572
weather extremes. See Extreme weather events
Climate Economics: The State of the Art (Ackerman & Stanton), 588
Climate properties relevant to decision making
current climate projections and, 12–13
deep, Knightian, or second-order uncertainty, 11
long time scales, 11
Climate risk insurance, 151
Climate risk management. See Risk management
Climate sensitivity, 503
Club of Rome, 351
Coal. See Fossil fuel
Coal-fired power plants, 340–341
Coalitional games, 157–159
Columbia River system, generation of hydropower, 579
Commission on Global Governance, 603
Community integrated assessment system (CIAS), 172
Concentrated solar plants (CSPs), 667
Conferences of the Parties (COP), 607
COP13/MOP3 (Bali Conference), 610–611
COP16. See Cancun Climate Summit (2010)
Conflict resolution, 622–623
Convention on Climate (UN), 509
COP. See Conferences of the Parties
Copenhagen agreement (2009), 1, 2, 171, 611–612, 631
effectiveness of pledges, 277–278
mitigation costs, control of, 268
North–South clash, 657
signatories to, 508
Copenhagen Economics study on climate change, 338
Country Assistance Strategies, 151
CSPs (Concentrated solar plants), 667
The Daily Show on US energy crisis, 415
Damages assessment, 3. See also Damage reservoirs
updating damage function as subjective decision of the agent, 127–129
“Degenerate fingerprinting” method, 571
Demographic dynamics
of weather extremes, 580
Denmark’s use of wind energy, 359
Developed countries. See also OECD countries
adoption of new technologies in, 334
climate change and, 2
grandfathering rule for emissions from, 273–274
Developing countries
cap-and-trade as unfair burden to, 4
cooperation having most positive effect on, 219
emissions cutting, 613
mobile phones, impact in, 354
DICE model
canonical models of, 119–120
Discount rate
balancing present-day generation’s well-being against future generation’s well-being and, 248–249, 266
updating of, 129
welfare impacts of climate change, 304–305
Doha agreement (2012), 1
Double-sided vector autoregression (VAR), 4
Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 619
Earth’s orbital variations and climate change, 143
EBCMs. See Energy balance climate models
EBMs (Energy balance models), 208
Economic growth. See also GDP; specific countries
prospects for, 144–146
renewable energy and, 479
sustainable growth path, 223
Economic growth linked with climate change, model of, 82–113, 445
augmented Hamiltonian, 95
business-as-usual strategies with low abatement, 96–107
capital dynamics, 84
constraints of Kyoto and Copenhagen agreements, 82
control constraints, 94
direct adjoining approach, 95
dynamic model, 83–86
emission and CO2 concentration, 84–85
literature review, 205
necessary optimality conditions, 89–95
numerical case studies, 95–107
parametric sensitivity analysis of steady states, 93
Pareto improvement and, 449
temperature, 85–86
transversality conditions for adjoint variables, 93–94
Economic modeling for successful climate change policies, 629–631
Economy–energy–environment model PANTA RHEI, 4
Eco-Patent Commons (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), 338
Electrification, benefits of, 341
Emission reduction policies, 260–296. See also Cap-and-trade; Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction; Emission trading systems (ETS); Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
allocating climate rent, 271–275
banking and borrowing of emission permits, 269
burden-sharing and financial transfers, 281–282
carbon border tax adjustments, 282
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) as national asset in China, 338
challenge of global cooperation, 275–284
co-benefits, 278–279
distribution of climate rent, 273–275
ethical considerations, 284
governing atmospheric common, 268–275
grandfathering rule, 273–274
horizontal fiscal federalism, 287–288
hybrid approaches, 270
improving global cooperation, 281–284
low-carbon technology development, 279–280
polycentric governance of global commons, outlook for, 288–289
regulatory takings, compensation for, 272
repeated interaction of nations, 283–284
reputation as deterrent and incentive, 283–284
risks of mitigation, 262–266
signaling by unilateral action, 280
subsidies for carbon capture and sequestration, 270
surplus sharing schemes, 281
technology (clubs), 282
threat of punishment to deter free riding, 283
transformation of fossil resource rent into climate rent, 272–273
unilateral action, rationales for, 277–280
vertical fiscal decentralization, 285–287
Employment effects of climate policies, 4, 445–476
carbon-intensity of goods, sectors, and activities as means of analysis, 447
double-dividend hypothesis, 448–456
German ecological tax reform (1998) and, 454–455
government activity required to move toward low-carbon economy, 447
increased mortality due to weather extremes, effect on labor supply, 580
labor mobility and, 454
renewable energy sector offering employment prospects, 479
transition of labor from agriculture to manufacturing and services, 446
Energy balance models (EBMs), 208
Equity weighting, 307–308
Ethical considerations of emission reduction policies, 284
ETS. See Emission trading systems
Europe/European Union. See also specific countries
agricultural changes due to climate change, 590
carbon emissions regulation, 261, 277, 613, 617, 645. See also European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)
carbon tax’s impact on employment, 454–455
Copenhagen agreement and, 508
crop yields and weather extremes, 578–579
“Enhancing robustness and model integration for the assessment of global environmental change” (ERMITAGE) project, 171
financial rescue packages, 145
Fukushima incident, European response to, 399
heat waves, health effects of, 576
hydropower, weather extremes’ effect on, 579
job creation of renewable energy, 480
malaria, 580
precipitation changes tied to global warming, 594
Eurostat, 351
Evolutionary game theory, 53
Exeter forum (2006), 507
Extreme weather events, 150, 204, 262, 575–577. See also Hurricanes
regional spread and probable outcomes, 578–580
Fairness in climate negotiations, 170–203
computation of fair side-payments, 179–180
PLASIM-ENTS climate model, 173–176
steps for, 172–173
Famine, 576
Foreign direct investment (FDI) for technological change, 328–329
Foresight principle, 582
Fossil fuel
from Brazil and Russia, 151
compensation of fossil resource owners, 272
superiority in terms of material flow (Georgescu-Roegen’s Fundamental Proposition), 414
taxes on, 269
Fracking, 662
“Fractional risk attribution,” 571
Free riding
renewable energy and, 350
threat of punishment to deter free riding, 283
treaties addressing, 626
Free trade, 148
Fukushima disaster (2011), 3, 4, 398–402, 478, 669
causing debate in Japan over energy allocation profile, 414
cesium amount released, 401–402
cold shutdown not possible, 401
compensation to people impacted by disaster, 402
Japanese upgrading of disaster’s release of nuclear matter, 399–401
sea vs. land contamination, 402
shareholder suit related to, 402
G-20 statement on sustainable growth, 656
Game theory, 3, 151–153. See also Random matching model
Bayesian games, 154
choice of actions, 154–157
coalitional games, 157–159
decentralization, 159–160
global cooperation and, 275
literature review and open ends, 163–164
macroeconomic models of interacting countries, 206–207
meta-game analysis based on community integrated assessment. See Fairness in climate negotiations
microeconomic models of, 206
open-loop and feedback strategy in dynamic games, 153
presenting an agreement of countries through, 171
Stackelberg game, 154
static games, 151–152
subgame-consistent solutions, 156–157
time consistency in dynamic cooperative games, 158–159
GCMs (General Circulation Models), 570 GDP. See also Economic growth
agriculture’s share of, 589
climate inaction, effect of, 549
tied with carbon emissions, 657
GEMINI-E3 scenarios, 174, 184–198
coupling with emulator PLASIM-ENTS, 186–187
formulation of game design problem based on, 189–192
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement procedure, 620
General Circulation Models (GCMs), 570
Geoengineering, 9
Georgescu-Roegen’s Fundamental Proposition, 414
German Institute for Economic Research, 454
Germany
ecological tax reform (1998), 454–455
Energiewende policy, 277
photovoltaic (PV) industry, 490
precautionary principle, 582
R&D performance of, 323
Global Thermostat LLC, 666
Grandfathering rule in emission reduction policies, 273–274
Granfalloons (Kurt Vonnegut term), 414
Greenhouse gases (GHGs). See also Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction; Emission reduction policies; Kyoto Protocol
unregulated in most of the world, 261
Greenland ice sheet disintegration. See Ice sheet disintegration
Health
advance purchase commitments for medicines, 342–343
heat waves, effects of, 576
increased mortality, 580
respiratory illnesses, 580
High Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Finance, 611–612
Holocene formation of Sahara, 572
Horizontal fiscal federalism, 287–288
Human Development Report 2007/2008, 549
Hurricane intensity, global warming’s effect on, 576–577
Hurricane Rita, 576
Hurricane Sandy, 1
Hurricane Wilma, 576
Hydrological cycle, 578
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 399–400
IAMs. See Integrated Assessment Models
IEA. See International Energy Agency
IEAs. See International agreements and treaties
IGSM (MIT Integrated Global System Model), 453
IMAGE (Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect), 118
India. See also BRICS
abatement investment of, 218
climate-friendly innovation, 342
cooking stoves technology, 325
Copenhagen agreement, signatory to, 508
economic growth in, 321
failure to control CO2 pollutants, 509
hunger reduction, 520
Kyoto Protocol and, 617
lessons learned from, generalizable nature of, 333
on-site support needed to support small-scale biomass gasification, 335
R&D performance of, 323
wind energy and turbine manufacturing capacity, 330
Indonesia as forest products exporter, 223
Insurance for climate risk, 151
Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), 19–21, 25, 114–120. See also DICE model
benchmark IAM, 116–117
definition and history of, 116
MARKAL-TIMES family of models, 119
MERGE, 119
uses of applied IAMs, 118–120
WITCH model (World Induced Technical Change Hybrid Model), 118
Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE), 118
Intergenerational well-being, 3, 248–259
background and context, 248–249
economy vulnerable to climate change and, 254
fiscal policy compensating each generation, 255–256
overlapping-generations framework, 252–254
two-period illustration, 249–252
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
First Assessment Report, 575
Third Assessment Report, 505
on cost-effective energy efficiency, 478–479
failure to balance costs and benefits of cutting greenhouse gas emissions, 116
on meridional overturning circulation, 12
scientific studies referenced by, 142
technology policies recommended, 446
International agreements and treaties, 5, 603–638
arbitration and conflict resolution, 622–623
court enforcement, 619–621
economic modeling for successful climate change policies, 629–631
efficiency of global environment governance, 625–629
international compliance, 624–625
literature review of effects on climate change, 206–207
paradox of, 275–277
remedies for breach, 623
standing issues, 621–622
timeline of major agreements, 633–634
treaties, types of, 604
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 399–400
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 620
International Energy Agency (IEA), 351, 478, 479, 500
on CO2 emissions and GHGs, 555
450 Scenario developed by, 612
on power plant infrastructure, 648
on renewable energy, 539
on world energy balance, 535
International Energy Outlook (U.S. Department of Energy), 185
International Monetary Fund as contributor to impending destruction and mass extinction, 655
International Program on the State of the Oceans (IPSO), 654
Interval models, 155
Japan, 398–418
Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage, 402
Amakudari jobs, 412
Antimonopoly Act (AMA), 410
debate over energy allocation profile, 414
electricity service rate and subsidy, 409–413
Electricity Utilities Industry Law (EUIL) and Provisions for Rules and Rate for Electric Service (PRRES), 410, 412
energy efficiency, 479
Great Tohoku–Kanto Earthquake (2011), 399
Kyoto Protocol and, 613
Power Source Siting Laws, 411–412
R&D performance of, 323
Tax for Promotion of Power-Resources Development, 412
Jobs. See Employment effects of climate policies
Kyoto Protocol, 1, 616–618
Carbon Market. See Carbon Market
economic growth and, 83
first commitment period (1997), 616–617
national registry systems to track emissions, 617
second commitment period (2005), 618
stalled negotiations, 277
withdrawals from, 509
Leather tanneries, 334
Legendre-Clebsch condition, 93
Limit to Growth (Meadows et al.), 351
Long-run strategies, 668
Long time scales for mitigation policies, 11
Low-carbon technology. See Technological change
Lugano Convention (1993 Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment), 622
Maastricht Treaty, 145
Macroeconomics, considerations about, 144–149
free trade, 148
growth prospects, 144–146
intercountry stresses, 149
opportunity cost of global poverty, 148
politicians and budgeting, 149
short-run factors, ease of ignoring, 148
socioeconomic factors affecting macroeconomic behavior, 147
unemployment, 149
vicious cycle, effect of, 148
Macroeconomics of climate change, considerations about, 149–151
MARKAL-TIMES family of models, 119
MARKAL-WORLD (bottom-up world model), 179
MERGE model, 119
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 610
Mitigation policies, 3–5, 446
balancing present-day generation’s well-being against future generation’s well-being, 248. See also Intergenerational well-being
cost estimates, 549
differential games in study of, 141–169
long time scales for, 11
renewable energy. See Renewable energy
MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM), 453
MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 453–454
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 620–621
Nash equilibrium
in noncooperative games, 154–155
presenting an agreement of countries through, 171
RICE model scenario, 118
National Academy of Sciences (US), 503
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 574
New Zealand emission trading system, 277
Nicaragua, diffusion of knowledge about solar energy in, 333
Nixon administration, 371
Nonlinear programming problem (NLP), 95
Nordhaus canonical growth model, 3
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 620–621
North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, collapse of, 9
North Pole. See Ice sheet disintegration
North–South technology transfers, 332
Nuclear power, 3, 4, 277, 355, 356, 398–418. See also Chernobyl accident; Fukushima disaster
growth of, 538
water reactors and electricity generation, 406–407
Observation systems, 14
OECD countries
renewable energy and economic growth, 479
Official development assistance (ODA) for technological change, 328
Oil and gas. See Fossil fuel
Open-loop strategies. See Nash equilibrium
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). See also OECD countries
Development Assistance Committee, 610
on employment effect of environmental policies, 451
Ozone Layer Convention, 606
Pacific islands, disappearance of, 1
PANTA RHEI model, 4
Pareto efficient, 155
Pareto frontier, 155
Pareto improvement, 449
Per capita energy consumption stabilization. See Stabilization of climate
PESETA (Projection of Economic impacts of climate change in Sectors of the European Union based on bottom-up Analysis) project, 590, 597n4
Physics used in modeling environment, 205
PLASIM-ENTS climate model, 173–176
Pollution control technologies, complexity of, 323
“Principles on Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising Out of Hazardous Activities” (International Law Commission), 623
Projections of current climate and decision making, 12–13
Property insurance in US, losses from violent storms, 577
Prudent avoidance principles, 582
Regime shifts, 53–81
affectors and enjoyers, 56–57
noncooperative game, 63–65
optimal management, 56–63
regime, defined, 53
stabilization of equilibrium, 53
steady-state analysis, 65–66
uncertain regime shifts, 75–78
Renewable energy, 3–4, 349–375
background and context, 349–350
challenges of, 357–359
concentrated solar plants (CSPs), 667
economic growth and, 479
economic models of, 359–370
economy–energy–environment model PANTA RHEI, 482–486
employment potential of, 479
Germany, 477–496
investment in, 335
literature review of dynamic games on, 163–164
low costs, optimism about, 355
myths and limits of, 351–356
old technologies of, 353
physical limits of, 352–353
real-world governments, 370–372
socioeconomic and scientific barriers, 354–355
study official scenario, 489–492
uncertainty of development path, 355–356
Reputation as deterrent and incentive, 283–284
Research needs
climate projections, utility of, 13–15
dynamic game theory, 164
energy balance climate models (EBCMs), 41–42
RICE (Regional dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy). See DICE model
Rio de Janeiro conference. See Earth Summit (1992)
Russia. See also BRICS
climate-friendly innovation, 324
Copenhagen agreement, signatory to, 508
fossil fuel energy from, 151
land-use and forestry accounting and permitting under Kyoto Protocol and, 278
Sahara desertification, 572–573
Second-best abatement, 204–221
background and context, 204–205
simple endogenous growth model with heterogeneous economies, 207–211
survey of macroeconomic models considering interaction of different countries, 206–207
Sexism, 652
Short-run strategies, 668
Socioeconomic factors affecting macroeconomic behavior, 147
Solar energy. See Renewable energy
Solar radiation causing climate change, 143
South Africa. See also BRICS
cooking stoves technology, 325
technology transfer from, to other developing countries, 332
South America. See also specific countries
hydropower, weather extremes’ effect on, 579
South Asia. See also specific countries
food crops related to temperatures, 592–593
Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon occurrences, effect on, 576
monsoons. See Indian Ocean
South–North technology transfers, 332
Stabilization of climate, 499–554
coal demand, 537
dynamics of energy consumption, 513–520
energy-ecological development, influence on economic growth, 549–550
gas reserves vs. demand, 536
hydropower development, 537
international measures, 501–509
models for calculating demographic dynamics, 520–532
oil as dominant type of fuel, 536
transition to new paradigm, 513–520
Stackelberg game, 154
Standing issues, 621–622
Stochastic behavior of climate, 4
Sub-Saharan Africa, food crops related to temperatures in, 592–593
Subsidies
for carbon capture and sequestration, 270
double-sided vector autoregression (VAR) used to assess effectiveness of, 4
Survival and avoiding extinction, 650–653
Sustainability, 647–671
blueprint for sustainable development, 667–668
Carbon Market and, 658–665
carbon-negative power plants, 666
granfalloons (Kurt Vonnegut term) and, 414
growth path, 223
survival and avoiding extinction, 650–653
women, role of, 652–653
World Summit for Sustainable Development (Johannesburg 2002), 610
Taxes. See also Carbon tax
constant tax rates in extended lake problem, 73–75
on fossil fuels, 269
future generations, high taxes to compensate for choices made by earlier generations, 259
lake problem and, 70–75
personal income taxes, 453
state-dependent tax rates in lake problem, 71
time-dependent tax rates in lake problem, 70–71
Technological change, 3, 321–348. See also Research and development (R&D)
background and context, 321–323
clean technologies and low-carbon technologies, 26, 270, 279–280, 282, 322, 337–340, 509, 662, 669. See also Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects
coal-fired power plants and, 340–341
developed countries requiring mass-market scale for internal diffusion of technology, 334
developing countries, implications for, 342–343
diffusion of knowledge within countries, 333–335
disembodied technology, 328
embodied technology, 328
emerging economies’ innovation meeting demands of high-income countries, 326–327
environmental policy, role of, 339–342
foreign direct investment for, 328–329
international technology transfer, 327–329
investment in, 335
labor efficiency associated with, 520
lessons learned from India and China, generalizable nature of, 333
literature review on environmental technology transfer, 329–332
market failures, effect of, 336
matching needs of recipient countries with technologies available from source countries, 332–333
NGO aid for, 328
official development assistance for, 328
private sources of, 328
role of technology policy, 335–339
secondary benefits from, 341–342
uncertainty and, 336
wind energy and turbine manufacturing capacity, 330–331
WITCH model. See WITCH model (World Induced Technical Change Hybrid Model)
Trade. See also Cap-and-trade; European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)
clean energy technologies, trade barriers to, 337
relationships in terms of endogenous growth and the environment, 224. See also Incentives for noncooperative countries
trade deficit of United States vs. trade surplus of China, 145
Tropical cyclones, 575
Turkey, solar energy’s impact on employment in, 479
Uncertainty
abrupt changes of climate and, 581
of carbon tax, 449
deep, Knightian, or second-order uncertainty, 11
interval models and, 155
second-order uncertainty, 11
technological change and, 336
worst-case scenario and, 154
“Understanding Changes in Weather and Climate Extremes” (IPCC), 575
Unilateral action, rationales for, 277–280
United Kingdom
energy efficiency, 479
Fukushima incident, response to, 399
windfall profits regulation, 371
United Nations. See also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). See Earth Summit (1992)
Convention on Climate, 509
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), 649
High Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Finance, 611–612
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 610
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 9, 615–616
compensation of fossil resource owners, 272
cost-sharing of mitigation costs, 275
precautionary principle, 582
probability of triggering dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate system, 11, 504–505, 615
signed at Earth Summit (1992), 607
slow progress of, 275
territorial accounting of, 555
United States. See also specific presidents
coal districts’ representatives unlikely to support legislation reducing emissions, 341
Copenhagen agreement, signatory to, 508
Department of Energy, 351
employment impact of carbon tax, 471
energy crisis and biofuel solution, 415
Global Change Research Program, 589
joint automobile ventures with China, emission control technologies of, 339
Kyoto Protocol and, 617
malaria, 580
property insurance, losses from violent storms, 577
protection of property rights, 371
southwestern agriculture, water needs of, 594
subprime mortgage crisis, 144–145
treaties, power and effect of, 604
windfall profits expropriation of US oil producers, 371
University of South California, 512
UN Millennium Report on rates of extinction, 649
Vertical fiscal decentralization, 285–287
Vicious cycle, effect of, 148
Violence against Women, 652–653
WAM (West African Monsoon) circulation, 574
WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), 338
Weather derivatives (WDs), 421–444
data used in study, 430
described, 423–424
empirical analysis, 430–442
Welfare impacts of climate change, 297–318
discount rate, 304–305
equity weighting, 307–308
increased mortality, effect on social welfare, 580
West African Monsoon (WAM) circulation, 574
West Antarctic ice sheet disintegration. See Ice sheet disintegration
WHO (World Health Organization), 576
Wind energy. See Renewable energy
Women, role of, 652–653
World Bank
as contributor to impending destruction and mass extinction, 655
on diffusion of technology within developed countries requiring mass-market scale, 334
on trade barriers to clean energy technologies, 337
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 338
World Development Report (World Bank 2010), 151
World Energy Council, 403
World Health Organization (WHO), 576
World Nuclear Association, 403
World Summit for Sustainable Development (Johannesburg 2002), 610
Worst-case scenario, 154