(p. 507)
Index
academic writings on ethnicity 197
“Across Oceans, Across Time” exhibit 483
affirmative definition of citizenship 125
Affirmative Discrimination (Glazer) 343
African Americans
and ethnic employment networks 270
and ethnic neighborhoods 294
historical migration patterns 86–101
and housing discrimination 295–96
and immigration in American South 362,
365,
368
and interethnic popular culture 273
and the melting-pot myth 3
and myths of ethnic success 344
and neighborhood gentrification 297–98
and policy discrimination 73
and political mobility 10
and racial classifications 215
and religious composition of the U.S. 438,
441
Africans
and ethnic employment networks 270
and immigrant women’s lives 108
and immigration in American South 355–56
and immigration reforms 7,
19
and immigration scholarship 28
and naturalization laws 17
and religious composition of the U.S. 437–38
and removal of quotas 97–98
and women in mass migrations 117
The Age of Reform (Hofstadter) 307
AHR Conversation on Transnational History 405
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) 310
Akresh, Ilana Redstone 436
Alianza Federal de Mercedes Libres 76
Alien and Sedition Acts 6,
378
“allowable differences,” 431–33
Amalgamated Clothing Workers’ of America 268
Amalgamated Copper Company 265
Amerasian Homecoming Act (1980) 60
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 387
American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic (AARIR) 381
American Association for the Study of the Feeble Minded 252,
253
American Baptist Churches in the USA, et al. v. Edwin Meese III and Alan Nelson 81
American Committee for the Independence of Armenia 382
An American Dilemma (Myrdal) 152
American Indians (Native Americans)
and early settlement on Native lands 34–36
and film depictions of race and ethnicity 461
and historical legacy of migration 65
and immigrant women’s lives 108
and immigration in American South 358
and the melting-pot myth 3
and new approaches to ethnic scholarship 495
and racial classifications 215–16
and religious nationalism 148
and restrictions on citizenship 125
and urban ethnic neighborhoods 290
westward displacement of 38
and white racial identity 199,
205
American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) 385
American Jewish Committee 382
American Jewish Congress 382
American Jewish Historical Quarterly 340
American Judaism (Glazer) 341
American Mosaic Project 444
American Protective Association 6
American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 436
American Sociological Association 49
American Sociological Review 347
American Swedish Historical Museum 481,
484
American Women Pickets for the Enforcement of America’s War Aims 381
“America’s Model Minority” (Winnick) 345
Anglos
Anglo-Protestant Europe 214
and early European colonies 35–36
and eighteenth-century immigration 37
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42
and fears of divided loyalties 377–78
and language legislation 466
and “selective forgetting,” 499
and settlement on Native lands 35
and U.S. foreign policy 379
anti-immigrant sentiment
anti-Mexican sentiment 256
and border enforcement 128
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 43,
44
and fears of divided loyalties 376
and immigration in American South 361
and language legislation 466
and nonwhite immigrants 5–6
and religious composition of the U.S. 443
anti-miscegenation laws 155,
239
anti-Vietnam sentiment 58
Arab American Institute 387
Arab American National Museum 481
Armour Packing Company 92
Arredondo, Gabriela E. 202
Asian Business Association 219
Asian Indians
and American multiculturalism 59
and Atlantic Migration System 39
and exclusionary immigration measures 15–17
and historical legacy of migration 61–64
and Immigration Act of 1990, 24
and immigration reforms 19
and international students 27–28
and the myth of ethnic success 349
and U.S. foreign policy 388
and U.S. immigration legislation 54,
56
Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance 215
Asians
and American nationalism 156
complexity of population 53
and economy-motivated migration 41
and ethnic employment networks 270
and ethnic neighborhoods 297
and exclusionary immigration measures 17–18
historical legacies of 59–65
and immigration reforms 7
and immigration scholarship 1–2,
28
legal framework for 53–57
and model minorities concept 495
and multiculturalism 57–59
and racial classifications 215
and religious composition of the U.S. 437,
438,
441
and U.S. foreign policy 388
and women in mass migrations 114,
117
Assembly of Captive European Nations (ACEN) 383–84
assimilation
and the American future 193–94
and communications technology 11
defining and theorizing 189–90
as historical phenomenon 187–89
and immigration scholarship 1,
4
and Latino immigration 83
paradigmatic experience 183–87
and racial citizenship 172
and scholarship on migrants 49–51
Associated Negro Press 92
Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) 294
Austro-Hungarian Empire 379,
467
Balch, Emily Greene 49–50
balseros (rafters) crisis 79
Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord 35
Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture 480
Becoming Old Stock (Kazal) 202
Being Brown in Dixie (Lippard and Gallagher) 368
benefits for immigrants 24
Beyond the Melting Pot (Glazer and Moynihan) 185
binary racial systems 234
biological essentialism 177
biracial social systems 243n 2
birthright citizenship 146
The Black Atlantic (Gilroy) 405
blacks
and the American Civil War 439–40
“Black is Beautiful” movement 155
Black Pride movement 4,
216
and ethnic employment networks 269
and ethnic neighborhoods 297
and immigration in American South 368
and myths of ethnic success 343,
344
and religious composition of the U.S. 441,
444
“Black Students’ School Success” (Ogbu and Fordham) 347
Blood on the Forge (Attaway) 198
Blumenfeld, Isadore “Kid Cann,” 326
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo 177
borders and border enforcement
and citizenship and capitalism 125–27
“closed border” policy 149
and correspondence of immigrants 417,
418
and ethnic neighborhoods 287–88
and migration history scholarship 492
post-World War II border control policy 130–34
and production of illegality 128–30
and production of “illegality,” 128–30
and undocumented immigrants 25
Boss Tweed’s New York (Mandelbaum) 303
Boston, Massachusetts 221,
263
Bracero Program (Mexican Farm Labor Program Agreement) 20,
48,
73,
131–33
Breckinridge, Sophonisba 49
British East India Company 35
British immigrants
and civic nationalism 145
and fears of divided loyalties 377–78
and immigration reforms 19
and U.S. foreign policy 380
“brothers and sisters” act 19
Brown v. Board of Education 176
Buddhists and Buddhism
and religious persecution 9
Bureau of Immigration 131
business ownership 60,
62
California
and Asian immigrants 61,
219
and border enforcement 138
and Hispanic political influence 28
and historical legacy of migration 60
and immigration in American South 358
and Latino immigration 70,
82
and racial citizenship 170
Cambodian American Heritage Museum 483
Campaign Finance Scandal 64
capitalism
and civic nationalism 153
and historical legacies of immigration 59,
65
and industrial union movements 266
and new approaches to ethnic scholarship 491
Caribbean immigrants
and African American migration trends 89
and African immigration 87
and early European colonies 36
and immigration in American South 355–56,
364
and the interwar period 93
and religious composition of the U.S. 437
and removal of quotas 97–99
and U.S. foreign policy 379,
383
Catholics and Catholicism
and American nationalism 144,
157
and American xenophobia 5
and civic nationalism 146
and eighteenth century immigration 37
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 43
and exclusionary immigration measures 6
and immigrant women’s lives 111–12
and language retention 464
and myths of ethnic success 338
and racial classification 152
and religious nationalism 147–48
and religious persecution 9
sociolinguistic impact of 473–74
Central American Free Trade Agreement 133
Central American Relief Act 30n 3
Central Americans
and American foreign policy 383
and border enforcement 137
and correspondence of immigrants 427
and ethnic neighborhoods 297
and immigrant labor unions 276
and Immigration Act of 1990, 23
and immigration in American South 358,
368
and post-1965 immigration 80,
81
See also specific countries
Central Europeans, 46–47.
See also specific countries
Charleston, South Carolina 89
Charlotte, North Carolina 365
Chicago, Illinois
and economy-motivated migration 41
ethno-political history 10
and immigrant labor unions 275–76
and migration of African Americans 91
and myths of ethnic success 341
and wartime labor shortages 92–93
Chicago Federation of Labor 381
Chicago Women’s School of Sociology 49
Chinatown (New York City) 60
“Chinatown Offers Us a Lesson” (McIntyre) 342
Chinese
and ethnic employment networks 270
and ethnic neighborhoods 292
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 44
and historical legacy of migration 61,
63
and illegal immigration 22,
128
and Immigration Act of 1990, 24
and immigration scholarship 14,
28
and international students 27
and model minorities concept 10
and racial citizenship 170,
172
and racial nationalism 149
and religious composition of the U.S. 435,
438
and U.S. foreign policy 388
and women in mass migrations 112,
113
circular migration flows 63,
130
citizenship
citizenship initiatives 138
and civic nationalism 146
and illegal immigration 124–25
and immigrant women’s lives 109
and immigration scholarship 1,
3
City College of New York 342
City Politics (Banfield and Wilson) 307
Civil Rights movement
and African American migration trends 100
and American multiculturalism 58
and ethnic neighborhoods 297
and immigrant women’s lives 115
and immigration scholarship 4
and Latino immigration 74,
76
and new approaches to ethnic scholarship 491
and racial citizenship 175,
176
and religious composition of the U.S. 430,
440
Civil War (U.S.)
and African American migration trends 99
and correspondence of immigrants 423
and postwar industrialization 38
and racial nationalism 149
and religious composition of the U.S. 439–40
and religious nationalism 146–47
and restrictions on immigration 126–28
and U.S. foreign policy 378–79
class structure and divisions
and correspondence of immigrants 421–22
and current research agendas 11
and discrimination against African immigrants 100
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42–45
impact on migration patterns 38–39
and Latino immigration 70
and working-class formation 262–63
“closed border” policy 149
Close to Slavery (Immigrant Justice Project) 362
Cold War
and historical legacy of migration 63
impact on U.S. immigration policy 6,
55,
56
and Latino immigration 78,
79
and migration history scholarship 491
and post-1965 immigration 80
collaboration, racial and ethnic 361–62
collective bargaining 309,
361
colonial era
and immigrant women’s lives 108–10
and new approaches to ethnic scholarship 491
“Colored’ and Catholic” (Faires and Faires-Conklin) 201
The Color of Money (1986) 330
community organization 294
Comparative Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project 403
compound bilingualism 471
Congressional Black Caucus 387
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 21
Congressional Hispanic Caucus 388
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 332
coordinate bilingualism 471
Coppin, Fannie Jackson 90
criminalization of immigrants 138
criminal prosecutions 124
critical race studies 495
Cubans
Cuban Adjustment Act 78–79
Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) 385
Cuban Committee for Democracy 385
Cuban Refugee Program 79,
221
and future of Latino migration 83
“Latin melting pot” phenomenon 267
and Latino political influence 28
and origin of immigrant communities 70–73
and political mobility 10
and racial citizenship 170
and religious nationalism 148
and U.S. foreign policy 376,
388
and U.S. immigration legislation 55
cultural self-determination 38–39
Danish Immigrant Museum 483,
486
Death Comes for the Archbishop (Cather) 443
Declaration of Fundamental Religious Beliefs Held in Common by Catholics, Protestants, and Jews 154
Democratic National Convention 347
Democratic Party
and American foreign policy 385
and American nationalism 153
demographic shifts
and ethnic neighborhoods 297
and immigration in American South 357
and migration history scholarship 491
and religious composition of the U.S. 437
Direzione Generale degli Italiani all’Estero 382
“Dirty War” (Argentina) 80
Discriminating Against Discrimination (O’Neil) 343
Dominicans
and future of Latino migration 83
and immigrant women’s lives 116
and immigration in American South 358,
369
and origins of Latino immigration 72
and political mobility 10
“downward” assimilation 191,
192
Dred Scott v. Sandford 170,
171
East Coast Seaboard Airline Railroad 95
Eastern Europeans
and economy-motivated migration 40
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 43–44
and exclusionary immigration measures 16
and immigrant labor unions 275
and Immigration Act of 1990, 23–24
and myths of ethnic success 350n 4
and racial citizenship 9,
173
and U.S. foreign policy 8
economic conditions
and border enforcement 136,
139
and Central American immigration 22
and correspondence of immigrants 423
and economic restructuring 361
economy-motivated migration decisions 39–41
and illegal immigration 22,
124
and immigration declines 8,
26
as motivation for immigration 8
and technological developments in agriculture 93
Edgewater neighborhood 290
education
and correspondence of immigrants 419–21
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 44
and historical legacy of migration 61
and immigrant elites 27–28
and immigration laws 57,
98
and immigration reforms 19
and immigration scholarship 4
new approaches ethnic scholarship 489–99
and religious composition of the U.S. 441
and segregate of Japanese students 15
Eisenhower, Dwight David 18,
20,
54
elections
Asians elected to office 63–64
eligibility for immigration 6
Ellis Island
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42
and exclusionary immigration measures 16
and immigration scholarship 3,
4
and scholarship on migrants 49
and white racial identity 197
Emancipation Proclamation 99
Emergency Farm Labor Program (Bracero Program) 129–30
Emigrant Nation (Choate) 405–6
Emigrants and Exiles (Miller) 425
“English Plus” legislation 474
Erin’s Daughters in America (Diner) 3
Ethnic America (Sowell) 343
The Ethnic Myth (Steinberg) 338–39
ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42–45
eugenics
and American xenophobia 5
and film depictions of race and ethnicity 454–55
and racial nationalism 150
Europeans
and the Age of Revolution 38
and colonial North America 108
and ethnic neighborhoods 290
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42,
45
European “nationalities,” 213–14
and immigration in American South 356
and language consciousness 474
and racial citizenship 173
and religious composition of the U.S. 433,
438,
443
See also specific regions of Europe
expansion of citizenship 167
Faires Conklin, Nancy 201
Faith on the Move study 436
family-based immigration
and Atlantic Migration System 39
and correspondence of immigrants 417–18
and exclusionary immigration measures 15–19
and immigrant women’s lives 114
and immigration in American South 357
and U.S. immigration legislation 56
Family of Man (Steichen) 482
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 319,
328,
329
Federal Housing Authority (FHA) 214
Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) 21
Filipinos
and border enforcement 137
and ethnic employment networks 270
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 44
and exclusionary immigration measures 16
and historical legacy of migration 60,
61
and immigrant women’s lives 116
and immigration in American South 356,
358,
363
and immigration reforms 19
and naturalization laws 17
and racial citizenship 167
and religious composition of the U.S. 438
and U.S. foreign policy 388
and U.S. immigration legislation 54–56
Five Civilized Tribes 169
Five Points neighborhood 323
“foreign language islands,” 467
foreign policy
and Asian American identities 218
and exclusionary immigration measures 46
fear of divided loyalties 376–78
and Latino immigration 83
and research on ethnic influences 375–76
Fort Wayne Daily News 453
Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette 453
French-African marriages 233
Friends of Irish Freedom (FOIF) 381
fugitive slave clauses 125
García, María Cristina 385
garment manufacturing 268
Gay New York (Chauncey) 293
gender issues
and Atlantic Migration System 39
and citizenship issues 166
and colonial North America 109
and current research agendas 11
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42–45
gender balance in migrant populations 110,
115–16
and immigration legislation 15,
16
and immigration scholarship 2–3
and religious composition of the U.S. 431
women and the proletarian mass 112–15
“Gentlemen’s Agreement,” 15,
54,
149
German Heritage Museum 483
Germans
and correspondence of immigrants 418,
426
and eighteenth century immigration 36
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42,
44
and film depictions of race and ethnicity 461
Germans from Russia Heritage Society 483
and immigration reforms 19
and religious composition of the U.S. 434
and U.S. foreign policy 378–80
Gilder Lehrman Institute 497
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins 251
globalization
and border enforcement 137
and correspondence of immigrants 421
and film depictions of race and ethnicity 460
and immigration in American South 356
and language consciousness 472–73
and migration history scholarship 492
González, Rodolfo “Corky,” 76
government surveillance 11
The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Gordon) 202
Great Depression
and border enforcement 128
and declines in immigration 8,
46–47
and Latino immigration 73
unionization of immigrant labor 275
and working-class formation 263
Great Migration
and African American migration trends 91,
96–97
and ethnic neighborhoods 294
and origins of Latino immigration 75–76
Guatemalans
and border enforcement 137
and illegal immigrants 22
and immigration in American South 358,
361
and post-1965 immigration 80
and religious composition of the U.S. 442
unionization of immigrant labor 274
gypsies, persecution of 205
H1-B temporary worker visas 61
Haitian Revolution 89,
170
Hamburg Athletic Club 321
Harlan, John Marshall 172
Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 2
Harvard University Library Open Collections Program 497
Henderson v. Mayor of New York 128
“heritage languages,” 467
Hernández-León, Rubén 361
Hernández v. the State of Texas 74,
176
Hierarchical Structures and Social Value (Williams) 201
Hindus and Hinduism
and immigration in American South 370
and racial citizenship 174
and religious persecution 9
Hispanics
and anti-immigrant sentiment 6,
25
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42
and language retention 466
and political activism 26
political influence of 28
and political mobility 10
and racial classifications 215
and religious composition of the U.S. 435,
442,
444
History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web 497
Hoffnung-Garskof, Jesse 296–97
Hollywood and Anti-Semitism (Carr) 459
the “Hollywood Question,” 459–61
Hollywood’s Image of the Jew (Friedman) 458
House of Representatives 64
How Jews Became White Folks (Brodkin) 202
How the Irish Became White (Ignatiev) 201,
202
Hull-House Maps and Papers 291
humanitarian movements 138
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, 136
Immigrant Justice Project 362
immigrant letters
as historical source material 422–24
immigrant-rights movements 138
Immigration Act of 1917, 175
Immigration Act of 1924, 131
Immigration Act of 1965 (Hart-Celler Act)
and African American migration trends 97,
100
and American nationalism 155
and immigration in American South 357
and immigration scholarship 3
and Latino immigration 78
and new approaches to ethnic scholarship 491
Immigration Act of 1990, 23,
78
Immigration and Ethnic History Society 2,
497
Immigration and Nationality Act 167
Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments 133
Immigration and Naturalization Bureau 57,
133
Immigration Commission 339
Immigration History Research Center 426
Immigration Restriction Act 150
Immigration Restriction League 6
Indelible Shadows (Insdorf) 457
Independence National Historical Park 479
Indian Citizenship Act 169
industrialization
impact on migration patterns 38,
41
Industrial Revolution 125
and labor opportunities for African Americans 91–92
information technology 61
infrastructure projects 43,
420
intelligence of immigrants 253,
256
interdisciplinary scholarship 202,
427
Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees 47
intermarriage
and immigration scholarship 4–5
and religious composition of the U.S. 441,
442
internationalized labor markets 43
International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union 268
International Monetary Fund 133
interracial and interethnic mixing 28,
176
Irish
and American nationalism 153
and American xenophobia 5
and correspondence of immigrants 425–26
and eighteenth century immigration 36
and employment opportunities 268
and ethnic employment networks 269
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 42–44
and fears of divided loyalties 377
and immigrant women’s lives 113
Irish county societies 268
and myths of ethnic success 342
and political mobility 10
and religious composition of the U.S. 444
and religious nationalism 147
Irish Republican Army (IRA) 377,
387
The Irish World and American Industrial Liberator 379
Israeli-Palestinian peace process 387
The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (Mearsheimer and Walt) 385
Italian American Mafia 325,
331
Italian American Museum 483–84
The Italian Immigrant Woman in North America (Caroli et al.) 3
Italians
and American nationalism 153
and Atlantic Migration System 48
and economy-motivated migration 40
and ethnic employment networks 268–69
and family-based immigration 19
and immigrant labor unions 275
and language retention 464
and marriage practices 113
and myths of ethnic success 338,
342
and political mobility 10
and religious nationalism 148
and “symbolic ethnicity,” 6
and U.S. foreign policy 380,
382
“It’s Not ’a Black Thing’” (Tyson et al.) 347–48
Japanese
and ethnocultural structure of the U.S. 44
and exclusionary immigration measures 15–16,
18
and historical legacy of migration 61
and immigration in American South 358
and model minorities concept 10
and myths of ethnic success 342–43
and racial citizenship 166
and racial nationalism 149
and U.S. foreign policy 383
and U.S. immigration legislation 55
and women in mass migrations 112
Japanese American Citizens League 58
Japanese American internments 54,
376
Japanese Americans: Oppression and Success (Ikeda) 345
Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 384
The Jewish Women in America 2–3
Jews and Judaism
and American nationalism 153,
157
and civic nationalism 146
and exclusionary immigration measures 47
and immigrant women’s lives 113
Jewish law and neighborhood boundaries 289
and language retention 466
and model minorities concept 10,
495
and political mobility 10
and racial classification 152
and religious nationalism 147,
148
and religious persecution 9
sociolinguistic impact of 473–74
and “symbolic ethnicity,” 6
and U.S. foreign policy 380,
382
Jews Without Money (Gold) 198
Jim Crow segregation
and African American migration trends 90–91,
95,
100
and the Great Migration 86
and immigration in American South 367
and immigration scholarship 3
and racial nationalism 149
and religious composition of the U.S. 440
and urban ethnic neighborhoods 294
Jimenez, José “Cha Cha,” 77
Jones and Laughlin Steel Company 92
Journal of American Ethnic History (JAEH) 2–3,
11,
200
Journal of Delinquency 256
The Kallikak Family (Goddard) 255
Kelly, “Honest John,” 304
Korean American Christian Fellowship 440–41
Koreans
and ethnic employment networks 270
and family-based immigration 16
and historical legacy of migration 61,
63
and immigration i
