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(p. 709) Index
(p. 709) Index
Accounts (technique), 483
Acquiring resources. See ORCA
Action Plan (Finland), 480
Action stage of change, 219
Add Health. See National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Additive genetic influences, 49
Adolescent Girl in Conflict, The (Konopka), 297
Adolescents. See also Peer networks; Youth
birth complication effects in, 31
brain development in, 17
hormonal imbalances in, 30
IQ and antisocial behavior in, 26
prenatal influences and, 31
romantic relationships and crime, 269–70
social support and, 170–71
Afghanistan, 616
African Americans
economy and, 618
green crime and, 637
HIV in, 699
Lombroso on, 9
social support and, 172
Age. See also Developmental/life-course criminology; Life course
genetic influences and, 23
reconsidering impact on desistance, 213–14
“Age and the Explanation of Crime” (Hirschi and Gottfredson), 131
Agentic strains, 319
Aggregate-level guardianship, 517–18
Aggregate-level place theories, 555
Aggression
genetic factors in, 23–24
neurotransmitter dysfunction and, 30
psychophysiology of, 27–29
social support theory on, 175
testosterone and, 30
Aigner, Stephen M., 298
Aigner-Clark, Julie, 40
Ainslie, George, 667
Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, 303
Alcohol use. See also Substance abuse
maternal, 175
the proletariat and, 428
as a risk factor for crime, 96
social support vs., 169
street crime and, 466
Aldridge, Judith, 284–85
Ambiguity aversion, 664–65
Anchor location, 664
Ancrum, Craig, 436
Antisocial behavior
biological factors in, 22
developmental/life-course criminology on, 230
developmental model of, 125–27
gender differences in, 30
hormonal imbalances and, 29–30
intelligence and, 26–27
neurotransmitter dysfunction and, 30
parenting role in, 44
pathway to reactive, 243
prenatal influences and, 31
psychology of criminal conduct on, 78
psychophysiology of, 27–29
Antonaccio, Olena, 434
Apaches (gang), 275
Apel, Robert, 525
Apgar scores, 31
Arseneault, Louise, 32
Arson, 30
Asians, 175
Assault
gender differences in, 294
neighborhood ties and, 339
peer networks and, 264
rise in, 415
social institutions and, 415
structural inequality and, 356
target search theory on, 543
Assertion training, 74
Assumed similarity, 263
Athens, Lonnie H., 611
Atypical frontal asymmetry, 29
Augustyn, Megan B., 300
Aussiedler, 283–84
Austin, James, 674
Australia, 479
Authoritarian parents, 44
Authoritative parents, 44
Auto theft. See Motor vehicle theft
Baby boomers, 618
Baby Einstein series, 40
Ball, Richard A., 305
Baltimore, Maryland, 701
Bank robbery, 544–45
Barkow, Jerome H., 46
Baron, Stephen W., 612
Bartusch, Dawn, 374
Baumer, Eric P., 379
Baumrind, Diana, 44
Beaver, Kevin, 17
Becker, Gary, 655
Behavioral economics theory, 666
Behavioral rehearsal, 74
Belief bond, 316
Bell, Kerryn E., 303
Benford, Robert D., 382
Benson, Michael L., 227
Berkowitz, Leonard, 156
Berlin Wall, fall of, 282
Berman, Mitchell E., 30
Bernard, Thomas J., 315
Bianchi, Suzanne M., 40–41
Bing, Leon, 276(table)
Bin Laden, Osama, 571
Biocentric view of green crime, 631
Biology, 22–33. See also Early health risks; Genetics; Hormonal imbalances; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychology; Neurotransmitter dysfunction; Psychophysiology
Biosocial Criminology Research Group, 17–18
Black Kings (gang), 281
Blackwater, 616
Blau, Peter M., 356
Block, Richard, 587
Blom, Martine, 232
Boccardi, Marina, 24
Body mass index (BMI), 15
Bolland, John, 526
Bourgeoisie, 428
Bourgois, Phillipe, 391
Bowling, Benjamin, 211–12
Braga, Anthony A., 557
Brain
evolution and structure of, 496–98
Lombroso on, 10–11
prenatal/infancy development of, 168–69
triune system of, 497
Brain imaging. See Neuroimaging
Braman, Donald, 697
Brennan, Patricia A., 32
Brisbane, Australia, 340
British Columbia, 538
Britt, Chester, 592
Brotherton, David C., 286
Buck v. Bell, 13
Buerger, Michael E., 560
Buffalo, New York, 699
Bulgaria, 418
Burchfield, Keri B., 340–41
Burglary, 462
choosing to commit, 470
crime places/place management and, 562
in former Soviet Union, 408
perceptual deterrence theory on, 661
rise in, 415
social institutions and, 415
Burma, 635
Burn, Shawn Meghan, 342
Burrow, John D., 525
Bystander intervention, 342
CAI. See Client Assessment Inventory
Callous-unemotional traits, 30
Cambodia, 635
Cameroon, 635
Canada, Geoffrey, 152
Canadian Urban Victimization Survey, 591
Cancer, social support and, 162
Cap and trade, 570
Capitalism, 426–30. See also Market economy
degree of and crime, 433–34
epochal shift from industrial to consumer, 436
Capital punishment, 17
Carleton University, 118
Carr, Patrick, 341
Carroll, Leo, 527
Casey, Teresa, 269
Cauffman, Elizabeth, 304
Causal risk factors, 91
Cavum septum pellucidum, 25
Celerity of punishment. See Punishment, celerity of
Central America, 286–87
Central Eight risk factors for recidivism, 123–24
Certainty of punishment. See Punishment, certainty of
Cesarean section, 31
CEST. See Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment
Challenger (space shuttle), 503–5
Chan, Siu-Ching, 25
Charlotte, North Carolina, 448
Chicago Area Projects (CAP), 345
Children. See also Adolescents; Infancy; Parents; Youth
hormonal imbalances in, 30
IQ and antisocial behavior in, 26
market economy impact on, 429
prenatal influences and, 31
self-control development in, 169–70
social support and, 169–70
Chin, Ko-Lin, 276(table)
Christie, Nils, 346–47
Chula Vista, California, 568–69
Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness (CMR) scales, 217
City Gangs (Miller), 279
Civilizing process, 413
Civil Rights legislation, 618
Clark, Robert E., 14
Classical conditioning, 119
Clean Air Act (CAA), 633
Client Assessment Inventory (CAI), 217
Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CEST), 217
Clinard, Marshall B., 484
Cloward, Richard A., 154
Clubb, Audrey C., 555
CMR scales. See Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness scales
Cocaine, 391
Coccaro, Emil F., 30
Code of the suburb, 389–401
averting serious retaliation, 399
conflict management and, 392–99
defined, 391
described, 391–92
principles of, 391
study data, 390–91
Coercive exchanges, 44
Coercive Family Process (Patterson), 125
Coercive mobility thesis, 612, 691–704
on concentration of incarceration, 696–98
description of, 694–96
on prison cycling and crime, 698–703
Coercive power, 608
Coercive strain, 612
Coleman, James S., 348
Colletti, Patrick, 24
Colors (film), 616
Columbia University, 164
Columbus, Ohio, 281
Comfort spaces, 571
Command economies, 418
Commensalism, 514–15
Commercial robbery, 557
Commitment bond, 316
Communal strains, 319
Communities, 333–402. See also Code of the suburb; Neighborhood social ties; Street culture; Structural inequality
incarceration impact on, 694–704
qualitative studies of crime in declining, 436–37
Communities That Care, 109
Concentration effects, 356
Condemnation scripts, 211
Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The (Engels), 426–27
Conduct disorder, 92, 126
genetic factors in, 47
hormonal imbalances and, 30
prenatal influences and, 31
“Conflict” timber, 635
Consumer sentiment, 416–17
Containment theory, 76
Contemplation stage of change, 219
Contexts (journal), 449
Contingency principle, 120
Controlling access. See ORCA
Control theories, 131–41, 405, 429. See also Power-control theory; Self-control theory; Social control theory
general strain theory and, 156
ICAP theory and, 232
Convergent settings, 570–71
Cornish, Derek B., 545
Correctional system. See also Criminal justice system
desistance research and, 216–18
social support theory on, 167
Corrupt spots, 571
Cosmides, Leda, 46
Coyle, Marcia, 637
Crack cocaine, 445
CRAVED (Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, Disposable), 517
Credit default options, 479
Cressey, Donald, 76
Crime: Its Causes and Remedies (Lombroso), 8
Crime and Human Nature (Wilson and Herrnstein), 16
Crime concentrations, 559–60
Crime enablers, 566
Crime events, 580
Crime-facilitative culture, 482–83
Crime pattern theory, 536, 537–43, 546, 547, 548
on crime places, 562
factors structuring opportunities and events, 537–43
fundamental assumptions of, 537
Crimes of passion, 10
Criminal Career and Life-Course Study (CCLS), 192
Criminal events, 535–36, 579, 580, 584. See also Information-led target searches; Opportunistic discoveries; Proximity events; Purposive target searches
factors that structure, 537–43
need for additional research on, 595
Criminality and Economic Conditions (Bonger), 427–30
Criminal justice system. See also Correctional system
coercion in, 615
green criminology and, 638–40
informal social control and, 344–47
perceptual deterrence theory on, 650
Criminal self-efficacy, 468
Criminogenic strain, 166
Criminology (journal), 126
Crips (gang), 286
Crosnoe, Robert, 299
Crowther, Simon, 342
Crutchfield, Robert D., 699
Cullen, Francis T., 76, 123, 161, 163, 164–68, 170, 172, 173(table), 180, 227, 315, 346, 594, 595, 610, 611, 612, 680, 681, 685–86
Cultural deficits, 374
Cultural repertoire, 381–82
Cultural retaliatory homicides, 379
Cultural social isolation. See Social isolation
Culture of poverty thesis, 376
Curbstone counselors, 345
Current Population Survey, 451
Curry, Glen D., 305
Cyberlifestyle-routine activity theory, 518
Czechoslovakia, 418
Daigle, Leah E., 168–69
Damasio, Antonio R., 28
Darley, John, 342
Davidson, Elizabeth L., 527
Davidson, William S., III, 77
Davies, Mark, 265
Dayton, Ohio, 568
Decision frames, 216
Deeley, Quinton, 25
Defiance theory, 496
Delayed deterrence, 217
DeLeon-Granados, William, 347
Delinquency
early and late starters, 127
gender differences in, 313–25
peer networks and (see Peer networks)
prenatal influences and, 31
risk factors/predictors, 95–107
routine activity theory on, 526
social learning theory on, 124–27
Demography (journal), 195
Denver Youth Study, 662
Derivatives trading, 479
Deterrence theory. See also Perceptual deterrence theory
on immigration and crime, 445
psychology of criminal conduct and, 75–76
Developmental/life-course criminology (DLC), 226–46. See also Developmental pathways; Developmental perspective; Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential; Life course
policy implications, 244
three main topics of concern, 227
what is known, 229–31
what needs to be known, 231–32
Developmental pathways, 227–28, 233, 237–43, 245–46
defined, 227
to reactive antisocial behavior, 243
specific aspects of, 241–43
studying, 237–39
Developmental sequences, 227
Developmental trajectories, 227
Developmental types, 227
Devine, Joel A., 178(table)
Dhondt, Geert, 700
DiClemente, Carlo C., 206
Differential association-reinforcement theory, 118
Differential association theory, 14, 15, 429
control theories and, 134
on delinquency in girls, 298
on incarceration, 676–77
social support theory compared with, 160
Differential reinforcement theory, 260
Diffuse responsibility, place managers with, 564–65
Diffusion hypothesis, 502
Diffusion of benefits, 561
Direct informal social control, 343–44
Directional bias, 538
Dishion, Thomas J., 126
Displacement of criminal activities, 561
Distance and criminal events, 538
District of Columbia, 697
Dopamine, 25
Dornbusch, Sanford M., 299
Drakulich, Kevin, 699
Drass, Kenneth A., 418
Drug use. See also Substance abuse
coercive response to, 616–17
peer networks and, 264
psychophysiology of offenders, 29
street crime and, 466
Dunphy, Dexter, 264
Early starters, 127
Earnhart, Dietrich, 633–34
Ecocentric view of green crime, 631
Ecological contextualism theories, 92
Ecstasy (drug), 391
Eddy, J. Mark, 125
Education. See School and education
Edward I, King, 627
Effect sizes
18th Street (gang), 286
80-20 rule, 560
Elliott, Delbert S., 339
Ellis, Lee, 16
El Salvador, 287
Emotional contagion, 502–3
Emotions, 494–507. See also specific emotions
crime, criminological theory, and, 495–500
evolution and biology of, 496–98
gender, delinquency, and, 319–21
social behavior influenced by, 501–5
social construction of, 500
Empirical studies
of differential coercion theory, 611–13
of general multilevel opportunity theory, 586–93
of general strain theory, 149–53
of incarceration effects, 679–81
of life-course-persistent offenders, 192–97
of market economy effects, 432–37
of neighborhood ties and crime, 338–44
of social support theory, 172–80
of street culture, 378–80
Endocrine disruptors (EDs), 637–38
Environmental crime. See Green criminology
Environmental design theory, 567, 579, 592, 593, 597n2
on crime patterns by levels of analysis, 582–83(table)
summary of, 581
Environmental justice, 636–38
Erickson, Kristan Glasgow, 299
Escalation models, 238
Ethical flexibility, 486
Ethnicity. See Race/ethnicity
Etiological theories, 405
Etzioni, Amitai, 608
Eugenics, 13
Eurogang Paradox, 285
Eurogang Research Group, 289
European Social Survey, 478
European Union, 447
Ewing, Robert G., 447
Experimenters, 242
Extreme Event Theory, 53
Facilitating hardware, 470
Facilities, crime concentration within groups of, 560–61
Falcone, David, 636
Families. See also Parents
declining legitimacy of, 415–16
ICAP theory on, 235
risk factors for crime in, 90, 92, 93, 99–100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105(table), 106, 107, 108, 230, 235
social learning theory on, 124–27
social support theory on, 165
structural inequality and, 358
Farrall, Stephen, 211–12
Farruggia, Susan P., 304
Fear, 499
Feixa, Carles, 286
Felmlee, Diane, 301–2
Females. See also Gender; Girls
antisocial behavior in, 30
executive function deficits in, 27
Hispanic, 307
market economy and, 428–29
street crime and, 468
Finland, 480
Fleisher, Mark, 276(table)
Focal child, 46–47
Focal concerns, 374
Fornango, Robert, 395
Fox, Robert J., 305
Fragmented culture, 382
Frazee, Sharon G., 527
Freilich, Joshua D., 526
Fremont Hustlers (gang), 281
Freng, Adrienne, 526
Freud, Sigmund, 116
Frick, Paul J., 240
Friends. See Peers
Friendship networks. See Peer networks
Fromm, Erich, 430
Frontal cortex, 24
Furfey, Paul H., 275
Gaia Theory, 631
Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.), 294
Gangsta-rap genre, 150
Gang transmission. See Cultural transmission
Garland, David, 672
Garofalo, James, 516
Garrett, Carol J., 77
Gartin, Patrick R., 560
Gartner, Rosemary, 178(table)
GCM. See Growth curve model
Geerken, Michael R., 656–57
Gender entrapment, 303
Generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, 52–56
General multilevel opportunity theory, 579–97
empirical evidence on, 586–93
implications and future directions, 593–96
theoretical propositions of, 584–86
General Population Survey, 41
General Social Survey, 440
Genoa, Italy, 287
Genocide, 635
Ghazarian, Sharon R., 174(table)
“Ghetto-related” cultural models, 376
Gibbs, Jack P., 655
Gibbs, Lori, 307
Gibson, Chris L., 563
Gibson, Mary, 18
Gini Index of Inequality, 434
Girls. See also Females; Gender
developmental pathways in externalizing behaviors, 242
incarceration of, 699
Native American, 301
parental control and, 48
Glasgow Gang Observed, A (Patrick), 282
Global positioning systems (GPS), 559
Global warming, 628
Goddard, Henry H., 43
Goffman, Erving, 397
Goldstein, Herman, 569
Goldweber, Asha, 304
Goring, Charles, 116
Gorman-Smith, Deborah, 242
Gottfredson, Michael R., 16, 17, 131, 132–33, 136–37, 138, 139, 140, 169–70, 259, 265, 266, 314, 315, 516
Gould, Kenneth, 634
Gove, Walter R., 656–57
Graig, Michael C., 24
Granovetter, Mark, 270
Grant, Don S., II, 177(table)
G.R.E.A.T. See Gang Resistance Education and Training
Great Britain. See United Kingdom/Great Britain
Great Depression, 674
Great Society legislation, 618
Greece, 431
Green criminology, 625–40
criminal justice policy and practice and, 638–40
definition of, 629–30
ecological victims, 630–31
environmental justice and, 636–38
importance of, 626–27
invention of, 626–30
rationale and background, 627–29
types of crimes, 632–36
victims and varieties of, 630–31
Groff, Elizabeth R., 555
Group offending, 501–5
GTM. See Group trajectory method
Guardianship, 515, 516, 521–22, 528, 529, 587, 589, 590, 591, 593
aggregate-level, 517–18
individual-level, 517–18
intensity of, 522
personal, 592
Guerette, Rob T., 560
Gumbel, Emil Julius, 53
Guthrie, Edwin R., 74
Gypsies, 10
Habitus, 215
Hackler, James C., 343
Hague, The, 287
Hall, Steve, 436
Hallsworth, Simon, 285
Hallucinogenic mushrooms, 391
Halsey, Mark, 631
Hammer, Matthew, 571
Han, Chen-Bo, 24
Hannerz, Ulf, 381–82
Harding, David J., 383
Hardy, George, 504
Harvard Business Review, 484
Hawley, Amos, 514–15
Hayslett-McCall, Karen L., 315
Healy, Deidre, 209
Henggeler, Scott, 128
Henson, Billy, 518
Heritability. See Genetics
Hewitt, John D., 611
5-HIAA. See 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Hipp, John R., 700–701
Hirono, Nobutsugu, 25
Hirschi, Travis, 16, 17, 131–41, 169–70, 259–60, 261, 265, 266, 269, 314, 315, 316, 676
citations of work, 131
HIV, 699
Ho, Kwai-Yiu, 343
Holland, Jan, 701
Hollis-Peel, Meghan, 521
Homicide, 143, 374
cultural retaliatory, 379
decline in, 413–14
domestic, 543
immigration and, 449
institutional-anomie theory and, 411–13
Lombroso on, 10
neighborhood ties and, 340
neurological features of offenders, 17
neurotransmitter dysfunction and, 30
rise in, 415
social support theory on, 179
street culture and, 379
target search theory on, 543
Honaker, David, 466
Hopelessness, 153
Horiuchi, Shiro, 195
Horowitz, Carl F., 451
Hot spot models, 559
Huesmann, L. Rowell, 44
Hughes, Loraine A., 348
Hughes, Michael, 527
Huizinga, David, 662–63
Hull, Clark L., 74
Human ecology, 514–15
Human Genome Project, 17
Hungary, 418
Hunt, Scott A., 562
Hureau, David M., 557
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 30
Hyperbolic discount function, 667
Hypothalamus, 498
IAT. See Institutional-anomie theory
ICAP theory. See Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential theory
Iceland, 478
Identity transformations, 216
Ikäheimo, Pauliina, 15
Immigration, 440–53
arguments for crime increase and, 443–45
data challenges and study limitations, 450–52
theory testing on crime relationship, 442–46
Imprisonment. See Incarceration
In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 303
Incarceration, 672–86
competing views of, 674–79
concentration of, 696–98
eco-friendly design principles and, 640
empirical effects of, 679–81
immigration and, 447–48
policy implications of research, 683–86
prison cycling and, 698–703
public safety and costs, 683–84
reentry programs, 684–85
theoretical implications of research, 682
Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS), 417
Indirect informal social control, 343–44
Individual-level guardianship, 517–18
Individual risk factors
for early onset of offending, 230
Industrial revolution, 627–28
Inertia, 517
Informal social control, 164, 166, 693, 696
age and, 213
direct, 343–44
general multilevel opportunity theory on, 591
immigrants and, 444
indirect, 343–44
place management and, 562
Insiders, 542
Institutionalized social action, 409
Institutional structure, 406, 409, 410, 411–14, 419
homicide and IAT, 411–13
violence decline and, 413–14
Intelligence-led target searches. See Information-led target searches
Intergenerational closure, 348
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, An (Bentham), 654
Iowa, 298
IQ. See Intelligence/IQ
Iraq, 616
Irish immigrants, 275
Iron law of troublesome places, 560
Irvin, John, 674
Italian corner boys, 279
Italian immigrants, 275
Jackson, Pamela, 527
Jaffee, Sara R., 44
Janowitz, Morris, 336
Jansyn, Leon R., Jr., 276(table)
Japan, 478
Jarjoura, Roger G., 590–91
Jerrett, Michael, 632
Jiang, Shanhe, 173(table)
Joe, Karen, 276(table)
Jones, Stephen, 303
Journey to crime, 541–42
Juffer, Femmie, 57
Juke family, 10
Juvenile delinquency. See Delinquency
Kandel, Denise, 265
Kandel, Elizabeth S., 32
Kansas, 633
Kansas City, 281
Kasarda, John D., 336
Keenan, Kate, 242–43
Kerr, Margaret, 48
Kibbutz, 57
Killias, Martin, 680
Kingston, Jamaica, 285
Kleemans, Edward R., 232
Knecht, Andrea, 269
“Knifing off” of behavior patterns, 216
Kobrin, Solomon, 373
Konopka, Gisela, 297
Koverola, Catherine, 173(table)
Krohn, Marvin D., 165
Kuhn, Thomas, 69
Laidler, Karen A. J., 304
Land pollution. See Air, land, and water pollution
Lasley, James R., 525
Las Vegas, Nevada, 448
Latane, Bibb, 342
Latessa, Edward J., 82
Late starters, 127
Latin Kings (gang), 286
Latinos. See Hispanics/Latinos
Laub, John H., 166, 171, 189, 190, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 205, 208, 210, 213, 215, 218, 229, 676, 677
Lauderback, David, 277(table)
Lauritsen, Janet L., 294
Lavelle, Marianne, 637
Law of contiguity, 74
Lead exposure, 637
Learning theories, 405, 638. See also Differential association theory; Social learning theory
on emotions, 496
ICAP theory and, 232
LeBlanc, Adrian Nicole, 697
Lee, Tatia M., 25
Lemert, Edwin, 465
Level of Service Inventory (LSI), 72
Levin, Yale, 14
Levine, Mark, 342
Lewis, Alfred Henry, 275
Liberia, 635
Liedka, Raymond V., 702
Life course, 189–252, 595. See also Developmental/life-course criminology; Life-course-persistent offenders
“Life-Course Desisters?” (Sampson and Laub), 190
Life-course-persistent offenders, 189–202, 205, 227, 261
conceptual clarification, 197–98
empirical challenges to identifying, 192–97
evidence on, 191–92
Life expectancy, 195
Lifestyle-routine activities theory, 516, 518, 522, 523, 524, 525, 529, 530, 579, 592, 593
on crime patterns by levels of analysis, 582–83(table)
summary of, 581
Limited access orders, 414
Lindesmith, Alfred, 14
Link, Bruce, 164
Listwan, Shelley Johnson, 612
Lofland, John, 467
Logan, Charles H., 655
Logging, illegal. See Timber crimes
Lombroso, Cesare, 5–19, 116, 429
biosocial criminology and, 15–18
death of, 13
motivations and interests of, 7–8
reconsidering theory of, 12–13
response of fellow criminologists to, 13–15
Lonardo, Robert, 269
Longitudinal studies
on developmental/life-course criminology, 228–29
Lösel, Friedrich, 78
Low birth weight, 31
LSD, 391
LSI. See Level of Service Inventory
LSI-R. See Level of Service Inventory-Revised
Luykx, Floor, 527
Lynch, Michael J., 637
McBroom, James, 340
McCord, Joan, 16
McGloin, Jean Marie, 300
McGuire, Connie M., 287
McGuire, James, 76
McKay, Henry D., 117, 278, 280, 333–34, 335–36, 345–46, 372–73, 375, 380, 383, 555, 571–72, 692, 693, 694
MacKenzie, Doris, 80–81
MacLean, Paul D., 497
Macro-level studies
on differential association theory, 117
on psychology of criminal conduct, 69
on violence, 152
Maier, Pamela A., 527
Maintenance stage of change, 219–20
Makarios, Matthew D., 227
Malnutrition, 30
Manasse, Michelle, 304
Manchester, Britain, 287
Mara Salvatrucha (gang), 286
Market economy, 410, 418, 424–38
classic perspectives on, 426–30
crime, community, and, 430–32
empirical support for effects of, 432–37
white-collar crime and, 479–80
Markowitz, Fred, 374
Mark-to-market accounting procedures, 479
Marxism, 614
Materialist fallacy, 357
Maturation, 213–14
Mazerolle, Lorraine, 339–40
Media, 616
Medina, Juanjo, 284–85
Mednick, Sarnoff A., 32
Meisenhelder, Thomas, 215
Meithe, Terance D., 519
Memoryless processes, 201
Menjivar, Cecilia, 452
Meta-analysis
of executive function deficits, 27
of externalizing behaviors, 239
of 5-HIAA and antisocial behavior, 30
of social learning theory, 128
of Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancy, 26
Mexico, 451–52
Miami, Florida, 448
Micro-environments, 48
Micro-level studies
on differential association theory, 117
on psychology of criminal conduct, 69
on violence, 152
Milkie, Melissa A., 40–41
Miller, Eleanor M., 303
Miller, Lisa L., 340
Miller, Martin G., 298
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 281
Mimicry, 502–3
Mitchell, Nick, 211
Modeling therapy, 74
Mode of production, 427
Moffitt, Terrie E., 16, 17, 47, 49, 50, 189–92, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 216, 259, 261, 297
Molecular genetics, 23
Monitoring the Future, 294
Monti, Daniel J., 277(table)
Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental study, 229
Moody, James, 267–68
Moore, Todd M., 30
Moral choices, 419
Morash, Merry, 298
Morton Thiokol (company), 504–5
Motivated opportunism, 469
Motor vehicle theft
choosing to commit, 470
crime pattern theory on, 540
developmental/life-course criminology on, 226
neighborhood ties and, 338
routine activity theory on, 527
structural inequality and, 359
Mountaintop removal (MTR) mining, 637
MS-13 (gang), 286
Mullins, Christopher W., 325
Mulloy, Lawrence, 504
Multilevel criminal opportunity. See General multilevel opportunity theory
Naples, Mitchell, 211
Narrative literature reviews, 77
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 504–5
National Crime Victimization Survey, 627
National Forest System, 635
National Institute of Mental Health, 125
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 661
National Survey of Families and Households, 172
Native American girls, 301
Natural states, 414
Need/drive reduction theory, 74
Negative discount rate, 660
Negative valence, 499
“Neglected Approach to Deterrence Research, A” (Waldo and Chiricos), 656
Negotiated coexistence framework, 342
Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control (Bursik and Grasmick), 693
Neighborhood social ties, 333–48
empirical findings on, 338–44
structural inequality and, 359
theory, justice models, and relevance of, 344–47
Neighborhood watch programs, 167
Neo-behaviorist theories, 74
Neocortex, 497–98
Neomammalian complex of the brain, 497
Nesovic, Aleksandra, 81
Network closure, 348
Neural pathways, 169
Neutralization, 483
New Deal, 618
New institutionalism, 405
New York Times, 448
New Zealand, 229
NLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Nodes. See Activity nodes
Non-criminogenic needs, 123
Nonoffenders, 189
Nonshared environmental influences, 49–50
Norcross, John C., 206
Normalized deviance, 503–4
Normative outcomes problem, 56–58
Normative power, 608
North Carolina, 699
Norway, 286
Nucleus accumbens, 25
NYS. See National Youth Survey
Observational learning, 74
Office of Justice Programs (OJP), U.S., 127
Ohlin, Lloyd E., 154
Olds, David, 16
Ontario Ministry of Correctional Services, 118
Opportunity theories, 92, 259, 260–61, 513–601. See also Crime places; General multilevel opportunity theory; Place management; Routine activity theory; Target search theory
Optimal foraging theory, 545
Oregon Youth Study (OYS), 125–26
Organizing space. See ORCA
Orientations of character, 430
Outlaw, Maureen, 592
Outsiders, 542
OYS. See Oregon Youth Study
Ozer, Emily J., 144
Padilla, Felix, 277(table)
Paleomammalian complex of the brain, 497
Pandillas (gang), 287
Paradigms
defined, 72
Parents, 40–60. See also Attachment, family/parental; Control, parental; Families; Fathers; Mothers
authoritarian, 44
authoritative, 44
coercion by, 612
evidence linking crime to practices of, 43–44
evidence on the limits of influence, 45–58
normative outcomes problem, 56–58
permissive, 44
Standard Social Science Model problem, 46–49
uninvolved, 44
variability problem, 50–56
Parsons, Talcott, 407
Pathway to reactive antisocial behavior, 243
Patrick, James, 277(table)
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 638
PCC. See Psychology of criminal conduct
Peer networks, 257–71
future directions for research, 268–70
methodological considerations for research, 263–64
research on crime and, 264–68
role of, 258–59
theoretical explanations for importance of, 259–62
Peers
coercive relationships with, 615
control theories on effects of, 135–36
as risk factors for crime, 92, 93, 99(table), 100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105(table), 230
social learning theory on, 126
social support theory on, 170–71
Pellow, David, 634
Penitentiary of New Mexico, 608
Pennsylvania State University, 269
Perceptual deterrence theory, 649–68
future research and theoretical development, 665–67
important points on, 650–51
research on, 657–65
Performance IQ, 26–27
Permissive parents, 44
Persisters, 242
Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement (PIC-R) perspective, 122–24
Personal guardianship, 592
Personal mastery experiences, 468–69
Perusse, Daniel, 58
Physical abuse, 321
PIC-R perspective. See Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement perspective
Piehl, Anne Morrison, 702
Pinderhughes, Howard, 277(table)
Pine, Daniel S., 32
Pinker, Steven, 46
Pitts, John, 285
Pitts, Victoria L., 526
Place, defining, 556–59
Place management, 556, 562–73
activities in high-crime places, 565–66
decisions that affect crime opportunities, 567–68
levels of, 564–65
market mechanisms and, 569–70
new directions for theory, 570–73
process of, 566–67
Place managers, 556, 562–70, 572, 595
development of concept, 563
differences from other controllers, 564(table)
levels of, 564–65
methods used to influence crime at places, 562–68
policy options that leverage, 568–70
Pleydon, Anne P., 297
Ploeger, Matthew, 298–99
Plomin, Robert, 58
Poelhuis, Caroline W. Klein, 57
Poland, 418
Police
environmental impact reduction suggestions, 639–40
immigrants and, 445
street culture and, 380
Police Services Study, 339
Polish immigrants, 278
Ponzi schemes, 477
Population growth and density, 627
Positive discount rate, 660
Positive valence, 499
Poverty, 505–6, 619. See also Absolute deprivation theory
culture of, 376
gang ethnographies on, 275
immigrants and, 444
neighborhood ties and, 336
Power-control theory, 317–18
Precontemplation stage of change, 219
Predictive risk factors, 91
Preeclampsia, 31
Pregnancy, teenage, 699
Premature birth, 31
Prenatal Early Infancy Program (PIEP), 169
Prenatal period
brain development during, 168–69
Preparation stage of change, 219
Primary labor markets, 614
Principles of Criminology (Sutherland), 117
Principles of effective correctional intervention, 69
Prison. See Incarceration
Prison cycling, 698–703
Prison-industrial complex, 617
Problem-Oriented Policing conferences, 568
Projection, 263
Proletariat, 428–30
Property crime
crime pattern theory on, 540
gender and, 319
girls engaging in, 302
rise in, 408
social institutions and, 417
social support theory on, 176
Proprietary places, 555–56, 559(figure)
crime concentration within groups of facilities, 560–61
defined, 558
displacement, diffusion, neighborhood effects, 561–62
importance of ownership, 558
reasons for importance of, 559–62
Protex Industries, 633
Psychological Review (journal), 16
Psychological theories of crime, 74–75
P300 waveforms, 29
Public Interest, The (journal), 70
Puerto Rican gang members, 281
Pugh, M. D., 264
Punishment
hormonal imbalances and reaction to, 30
Lombroso on, 10
perceptual properties of, 651–52
self-, 122
social support theory on, 170
stability of, 674
Pyrooz, David, 286
PYS. See Pittsburgh Youth Study
Race/ethnicity. See also specific racial and ethnic groups
general multilevel opportunity theory on, 587
of immigrants, 450–51
market economy and, 431
neighborhood ties and, 336
social support theory on, 172–75
street culture and, 374–75
structural inequality and, 355–56
violence and, 152
Radical behaviorism
Rafter, Nicole, 18
Ralphs, Robert, 285
Rational choice theory, 232, 405, 475, 494–507, 579
on crime patterns by levels of analysis, 582–83(table)
on green criminology, 633–34
reconsidering, 500–506
summary of, 581
useful features of, 494
weaknesses of, 494–95
RCRA. See Resource, Conservation and Recovery Act
Rebellon, Cesar, 304
Recidivism
Big Four risk factors for, 123–24
Central Eight risk factors for, 123–24
coercion and, 613
Lombroso on, 7
noncustodial vs. custodial sentences and, 680
rehabilitation and, 685–86
Reckless, Walter C., 76
Reentry programs, 684–85
Regicide, 413
Regoli, Robert M., 611
Regulating conduct. See ORCA
Rehabilitation, 685–86
psychology of criminal conduct and (see Psychology of criminal conduct)
social learning theory on, 122–23
social support theory on, 167
Relationship principle, 121
Remunerative power, 608
Renauer, Brian, 700
Replacement self, 211
Repression, 611
Reptilian complex of the brain, 497
Research City, England, 284
Resilience, 486–87
“Rethinking Crime and Immigration” (Sampson), 449
Reyns, Bradford W., 518
Rhodes, William, 197
Richie, Beth E., 303
Risk, need, and responsivity (RNR) framework, 72, 77, 78, 79
description of, 123
measuring adherence to, 80–82
Risk domains, 92–94
Risk factors, 89–109
causal, 91
characteristics of studies on, 96–100
defined, 90
domains of, 92–94
for early onset of offending, 230
in ICAP theory, 235–36
implications for practice and research, 107–9
predictive, 91
for recidivism, 123–24
RNR framework. See Risk, need, and responsivity framework
Robbery, 143, 144, 462
bank, 544–45
commercial, 557
crime pattern theory on, 540
in former Soviet Union, 408
gender differences in, 294
immigration and, 449
place management and, 557
rise in, 415
social institutions and, 415
structural inequality and, 359
target search theory on, 543
Roberts, Brent W., 213
Robins, Lee, 16
Robinson, John P., 40–41
Roche, Kathleen M., 174(table)
Rochester, New York, 229
Roncek, Dennis W., 527
Roper v. Simmons, 17
Ross, E. A., 333
Rotterdam, Netherlands, 283
Routine activity theory, 475, 513–30
cyberlifestyle-, 518
definition of routine activities, 515
distinctions from mainstream theories, 515–16
expansions of, 516–18
guardianship and (see Guardianship)
individual-level studies of, 523–26
lifestyle- (see Lifestyle-routine activities theory)
measurement of key theoretical concepts, 518–23
motivated offenders and (see Motivated offenders)
multilevel studies of, 528–29
predictive validity of, 523–29
target attractiveness and (see Target attractiveness)
Rowdiness, 503
Roy, Kevin, 216
Ruback, Barry, 592
Rulison, Kelly, 267–68
Rumbaut, Ruben G., 447
Running away, 321
Russell Square Area Project, 345
Ryberg, Nick, 487
Ryder, Judith A., 699
Safe place templates, 542–43
St. Jean, Peter, 699
St. Paul, Minnesota, 448
Salcido, Olivia, 452
Sampson, Robert J., 166, 171, 177(table), 189, 190, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 205, 208, 210, 213, 215, 218, 229, 338–39, 340, 343, 348, 358, 359, 360, 362, 365, 374, 377, 380, 448–49, 525, 528, 555, 589–90, 591, 676, 677, 694
Sanchez-Jankowski, Martin, 277(table)
Sanders, William, 277(table)
San Diego, California, 449–50
San Francisco, California, 305
Schizophrenia, 24
Schmaling, Karen B., 239
Schnaiberg, Allan, 634
Schner, Joseph G., 297
School and education, 231
code of the suburb participants and, 390
crime victimization and, 593
ICAP theory on, 235
Lombroso on, 9
risk factors for crime and, 92, 93–94, 99(table), 100, 101(table), 102(table), 103(table), 104, 105–6, 107, 108, 230, 235
social support theory on, 170
violence and, 379
Schur, Edwin M., 299
Schwartz, Gary, 375
Schwartz, Martin D., 526
Seattle Social Development Project, 229
Secondary labor markets, 614
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), U.S., 479
Security-industrial complex, 616
Self-esteem, 93
Self-management principle, 121
Self-punishment, 122
Self-regulation, 122
Self-reinforcement, 122
Self-serving bias, 661–62
Self-shame, 333
Sellin, Thorsten, 14
Sensitive periods, 91
Serendipity, 544
Severity of punishment. See Punishment, severity of
Sexual abuse, 321
Shakur, Sanyika, 276(table)
Shaw, Clifford R., 117, 278, 280, 333–34, 335–36, 345–46, 372–73, 375, 380, 383, 555, 571–72, 692, 693, 694
Shaw, Daniel S., 243
Sheldon, William H., 116
Sheley, Joseph F., 178(table)
Shimshack, Jay P., 634
“Shopping” for friends, 126
Side bets, 210
SIENA statistical package, 269
Silver, Eric, 340
Simons, Richard L., 298
Singer, Mark I., 151
Situated choice, 210
Situational Action Theory, 419
Situation modeling, 545
Skinner, Burrhus F., 74
Skolnick, Jerome H., 277(table)
Skulls, shape of. See Phrenology
Slovenia, 287
Smith, Adam, 427
Smith, M. Dwayne, 178(table)
Snijders, Tom A. B., 268
Snodgrass, Jon, 572
Snow, David A., 382
Social cognitive theory, 74
Social constructionist theory, 500
Social control. See also Formal social control; Informal social control
general strain theory on, 148
Social control theory, 94, 131–41, 144. See also Age-graded social bond/control perspective
on crime patterns by levels of analysis, 582–83(table)
on emotions, 496
on incarceration, 676
subjective-social control model, 209
Social development model, 92
Social disorganization theory, 94, 144–45, 357, 372–73, 381, 429, 555, 557
description of, 335–37
differential association theory and, 117
social support theory compared with, 160
Social dominance, 30
Social institutions, 405–21. See also Institutional performance; Institutional regulation/legitimacy; Institutional structure
analytic framework for studying, 406–10
core dimensions of, 409–10
criminological applications of perspective, 410–18
defined, 407
future of theorizing on, 418–20
social systems and, 407–9
Socialism, 430
Socialization influences, assumption of the generality of, 46–48
Social learning theory, 92, 115–28, 267, 429
Canadian School of (see Canadian School theories)
general strain theory and, 156
Hirschi’s view of, 134
on incarceration, 676–77
Personal, Interpersonal, and Community-Reinforcement perspective, 122–24
Social network perspective, 94, 165, 373
applications of, 268
crime pattern theory and, 539
informal social control and, 336
target search theory and, 545
Social order, 430
Social organizations, 358–60
Social skills training, 74
Social support theory, 160–80
basic premise of, 160
concept of social support in, 162–63
difference from other theories, 160–61
differential coercion theory and, 611
empirical status of, 172–80
Social systems, 407–9
Social ties. See Neighborhood social ties
Social welfare policies. See also Welfare programs
homicide rates and, 411–13
inequality, crime, and, 434–35
Sociograms, 268
Sociological theories of criminality, 594
Somatic marker hypothesis, 28
Somatotyping, 16
South, Nigel, 628
South America, 286
South Bronx, New York, 697
South Korea, 175
South London, England, 43
Soviet Union. See Former Soviet Union
Spano, Richard, 526
Spatial patterns of criminal events, 538
Specialization in offending, 230
Spergel, Irving, 276(table)
Sports, 317
Spouse abuse. See Domestic violence
SSSM. See Standard Social Science Model
Stafford, Sarah L., 634
Stalking, 519
Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), 46–49
State-dependent processes, 201
Stattin, Häkan, 48
Sterilization, involuntary, 13
Story lines, 215–16
Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda, 44
Stowell, Jacob I., 449
Strains
agentic, 319
coercive, 612
communal, 319
criminogenic, 166
gender, patriarchy and, 321
violence and, 146–48
Strain theories, 92, 373, 405, 429. See also General strain theory
social support theory compared with, 160
Street code. See Code of the street
Street crime, 461–73, 485, 486, 611
green crime compared with, 625
offense selection, 467–71
reasons for choosing, 465–67
socioemotional context of, 462–65
theory and policy implications, 471–73
Street culture, 370–84, 463, 465
criticisms and controversy over findings, 375–76
current research and alternative perspectives, 380–84
early perspectives on, 372–76
empirical evaluation of, 378–80
recent perspectives on, 376–84
revival of interest in, 376–78
Stretesky, Paul B., 637
Striatum, 25
Structural deficits, 374
Structural-Marxist theory, 608–9
Subcultural models, 373–76
Subcultures of violence, 144–45, 148, 374
general strain theory on, 153–56
peer networks and, 267
structural inequality and, 361–62
Subjective-social control model, 209
Suburb, code of the. See Code of the suburb
Sullivan, Christopher J., 612
Sullivan, Mercer C., 277(table)
Surgeon General’s Office, U.S., 144
Sutherland, Edwin H., 14, 15, 70, 74, 82, 115, 116, 117–18, 119, 120–21, 124, 128, 259, 260, 265, 322, 323, 373, 375
Sutherland Address (American Society of Criminology), 594
Suttles, Gerald D., 375
Swart, William J., 305
Swartz, Kristin, 79
Swedish Adoption Twin Study of Ageing, 58
Swidler, Ann, 382
Switzerland, 478
Sykes, Gresham, 76
Symbiosis, 514–15
Taft, Donald R., 446
Target, defined, 536
Target attractiveness, 516, 520–21, 524, 528, 530n2, 589
characteristics of, 517
operationalizing, 521
Target hardening, 514, 517, 518, 562, 592
measures of criticized, 521
positive association with victimization, 529–30
Target search theory, 535–48. See also Crime pattern theory; Information-led target searches; Offender search theory; Opportunistic discoveries; Proximity events; Purposive target searches
Target selection, 536