This volume in the Oxford Handbook series is on the subject of European Romanticism, an intellectual, literary, philosophical, and political movement usually described as taking place between 1789 and 1848. The book first examines texts written by major writers in different European languages: French, German, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Hungarian, Greek, Polish, and Scandinavian. Chapters on these are written by leading scholars in the field. Then follows a second section elaborating the naturally interdisciplinary quality of Romanticism, encapsulated by the different discourses with which writers of the time set up an internal comparative dynamic. The chapters are written by specialists to highlight the sense a discourse gives of being written knowledgeably against other pretenders to completeness or comprehensiveness of understanding. Romantic variety of this kind is also typically written against the Enlightenment project of an Encyclopedia cast as a literal inventory rather than a conversation in which different views of the world figure each other. Discourses push their individual claims to resume European culture, collaborating and trying to assimilate each other in the process. The main examples here are history, geography, drama, theology, language, philosophy, political theory, the sciences, and the media. The chapters are original interpretations of aspects of an inherently interactive world of individual writers and the discursive idioms to which they are historically subject but which grant them unusual articulacy as well.