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(p. 737) Subject Index
(p. 737) Subject Index
Note: bold entries refer to figures or tables.
agenda-setting 18, 455–6
agenda control 456
alternative sets 456
bicameralism 466
committees 464–5
final stage decision-making 456
framing 455
gatekeeping 466–7
mass media 455
negative agenda power 465
parliamentary government 468–71
parliamentary rules and procedures 319–20
policy agenda dynamics 455–6
presidential systems 469
proposal and amendment rights 463–5
research gaps 473
Romer-Rosenthal model 36
sequencing and ordering 467–8
timetable control 462–3
veto power 465–6
Alceste 160
Argentina:
gatekeeping by committees 632
gender quotas 251
legislative careers 299–300
voting behavior of legislators 633
authoritarian legislatures 21–2, 692
challenges in studying 677–8
changed nature of authoritarian regimes 679
Cold War-era views of 678–80
delegate selection 690–1
focus of research on 676–7
functions of 690
future research 692
non-constraining roles of 678–9
number of parties allowed 686
party-assembly interactions 691
reasons for establishing 680
cooptation of opposition 682–3
dividing the opposition 682
elite investment 684
information provision 681–2
legitimization of regime 680–1
limitations on empirical study of 687
natural resource endowments 686–7
regime type 685
rent-distribution 682–3
risks faced by members of 690
risks in establishing/liberalizing 689–90
as rubber stamps 681
autocracies, party switching 429–30
Bank of England 698
behaviorism 9
Belarus 668n
bicameralism 16–17, 332–4, 345–6
agenda-setting 466
chamber symmetry 333
compositional congruence 333
definition of 334
effects of 338
formal authority of chambers 333
government formation strategies 337
government problems with 337
institutionalist approach to 333
interchamber competition 336
interchamber conflict 337
paradoxical position of 332–3
party organization 337
policy effects 335–6
protecting minority interests 335
reduction of corruption 336
representation 335
research approaches 338
spending policy 336
territorial representation 339–40
typology of 333
bicameral-rivalry theory, and Congressional committees 358–60
competition for policy influence 359
maximizing payments from lobbyists 359
Brazilian Workers Party (PT) 241
budgetary reversions 22
definition of 696
English Parliament's power of the purse 698
executive control of 701
executive-favoring reversions (EFRs) 701, 702–6, 707
executive dominance 706
exploitation of 711
increased adoption of 710
lowered life expectancy of democracy 709
reducing damaging effects of 711
undermining control of decree power 709
undermining of vote of confidence 706–8
future research 710–11
as last year's budget 704
Pakistan (1962 constitution) 705–6
Spain (1931 constitution) 704–5
Spain (1966) 705
legislatures weak power over the budget 701
measurement of legislative power 710–11
permanent reversions 703
provisional reversions 704
reversionary trigger 696–7, 706
Burkina Faso (1970 constitution) 703–4
Chile (1925 constitution) 702–3
Pakistan (1962 constitution) 705–6
Spain (1966) 705
statutory provisions 711
see also public finance and legislatures
bureaucracy, control of 567, 569
bureaucratic drift 576–7
delegation over time 579–80
institutional constraints 574
perspectives on:
bureaucratic autonomy 570
Civic Republicans 571
democratic theory 570
Neodemocrats 571
Neoprogressives 571
Pluralist School 570–1
Progressives 570
Public Choice School 571
preferences of bureaucrats 576–8
Burkina Faso 703–4
cabinets:
delegation of policy-making 440
ministerial drift in coalition government 440–1
policing coalition bargain 441–2
California state assembly, institutional socialization 60
candidate selection:
authoritarian legislatures 690–1
criteria for classifying methods of 215
as defining function of political parties 214
democratization of 216
impact on competition 218
impact on representation 217–18
impact on responsiveness 218–19
incumbency advantage 218
legal regulation of 214
relevance for legislative studies 214–15
reselection as primary political goal 213
screening of candidates 408–9
see also legislative recruitment
careers, see legislative careers
Central and Eastern Europe 21, 647–8, 661
cabinet instability 662–3
constitutional design 648–50
continued amendment of 650
European Union influence 649
(non)-strategic calculation 648–9
executive dominance 663
executive turnover 662–3
executive weakness 662
institutionalization of legislatures 664–6
committee membership 665
party-committee relationship 664–5
professionalization 665
legislative careers 300
legislative control over composition of executive 659
legislative control over composition of legislature 658
parliamentary dissolution 658
party system and legislative strength 661–4
high party fragmentation 662
low party institutionalization 662
sub-national legislatures 612–13
Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis (Netherlands) 7
Chile:
budgetary reversions (1925 constitution) 702–3
candidate selection 408
public finance and legislatures 639
Civic Republicans, and bureaucratic control 571
coalition government 18
committees 363–4
experimental research on coalition formation 201–5
context of experiments 204
demand bargaining 203–4
trust 204
formal models of legislatures 41–5
efficient bargaining model 43–4
game theory 41
government formation 41–4
multi-stage game 44
sequential bargaining models 42–3
Latin American legislatures 641–2
legislative debate 148
minority governments 41–2
opportunistic behavior by partners 437
passage rates of executive legislation 491–2
policing the coalition bargain 440
cabinet-level 441–2
coalition committees 442
committee chair assignments 445
future research 447–8
inside parliament 443–6
legislative committees 443–5
legislative policing strength 445–6
ministerial drift 440–1
party summits 442
policy-making challenges 437
portfolio assignment 42
prevalence of 436
sub-national legislatures 619–20
surplus coalitions 42
tensions arising from need to compromise 436
tensions between party elite and supporters 437
voter perceptions of party policy positions 438
Cobden Club 515–16
collective representation 70–1
committees 17
agenda-setting 464–5
assignment to 361–2
Central and Eastern Europe 664–5
coalition government 363–4
definition of 352
distributive approach to 40
empirical testing of theories of 365–6
future research 366
impact of term limits 298
informational theory of 40
Latin American legislatures 631–2
legislative efficiency 352
measures of strength of 361
monitoring functions 363–4
personal vote-seeking 364–5
in proportional representation systems 364
rules and procedures 323
sub-national legislatures 618
see also Congressional committees
Commons, House of (UK):
control of royal decrees 699–700
emergence of vote of confidence 699
guillotine 463
institutional socialization 60
power of the purse 697–8
rules and procedures, failures of 317
Temporary Standing Orders 312
vote-buying in eighteenth century 495–7
see also English Parliament
conditional party government 374
Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union
confidence procedures 318–19, 468–9
emergence in English Parliament 699
executive-favoring reversions (EFRs) 706–8
party cohesion 403–5
Congressional Budget Office (USA) 518
Congressional committees 345, 358–60
bicameral-rivalry theory 358–60
competition for policy influence 359
maximizing payments from lobbyists 359
distributional theory of 40, 353–5
committee characteristics 355
overcoming decision instability 354–5
unrepresentativeness of members 355
future research 365
gatekeeping powers 355
informational theory of 40, 356–7
organizational efficiency 356
representativeness of members 356–7
specialization by members 356
self-selection of members 355
as solution to legislative problem 401
as veto players 355
women's committee assignments 254
see also committees
consequentiality, logic of 270
Conservative Party (UK), 1922 Committee 374
constituency service:
electoral institutions 242
European Parliament 239–40
Latin American legislatures 629
role behavior 271
sub-national legislatures 616–17
constitutionalism, rise of 6
content analysis 13, 126–7, 141
accounting for what is not said 140–1
applications of 129–30
constituency service by legislators 134–5
definition of 127
goal of 127
legislative oversight 134
levels of analysis 139
media bias 135
origins and evolution of 127
party manifestos and ideology:
agenda effects 132–3
Comparative Manifestos Project 128–31
Wordfish 132
Wordscores 131–2
recent trends in 138
research design issues 135–6
human vs machine coding 137
inter-coder reliability 137
reliability 137
strategic nature of texts 136–7
use of comparable texts 137–8
validity 136
selection effects 140
strategic data-generating process 138–9
uncertainty 140
conventions, parliamentary 311
Cuban Missile Crisis 547
Cyprus 4
debate and deliberation in legislatures 145–6, 162–3
deliberative approach to 145, 149–58
constraints on deliberation 150
criticism of 150
deliberation in US Congress 156–8
extent of deliberative action 152
factors affecting quality of deliberation 152–6
goals of deliberation 149
government/opposition parties 155
interaction with public sphere 158
learning 151
legislative outcomes 156
future research 162
information revelation 146
position-taking by coalition parties 438–9
rational choice approach to 146–9
strategic/partisan-rhetoric approach to 145, 146–9
coalition parties 148
electoral system effects 148–9
limited impact on policy-making 147
reasons for speaking 147
women's participation in 254
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) 514
decree power:
control undermined by executive-favoring reversions 709
English Parliament's control of royal decrees 699–700
deliberation, see debate and deliberation in legislatures
discourse analysis, and debate and deliberation in legislatures 159–61
Discourse Quality Index (DQI) 151–2
distributional theory:
Eastern Europe, see Central and Eastern Europe
economic growth, and authoritarian legislatures 688–9
e-government, and sub-national legislatures 621
electoral competition:
voters' control of legislators 69
electoral systems:
collective action problems 238
competition 232, 234–5
alternative operationalizations of 235–7
inter/intra-party defeat 235
inter-party competition 235–6
intra-party competition 236
congruence between legislators and voters 71
election of women 251–2
as embedded systems 244
endogeneity problem 244
European Parliament 593
legislative careers 287
legislative speech 148–9
mechanical effects of 232
elite studies, interviews 171
El Salvador 547
English Parliament 696, 697, 700, 712
control of royal decrees 699–700
power of the purse 697–8
vote of confidence, emergence of 699
European Candidate Survey 167
European Central Bank 4
European Commission, and interest groups 531
European Consortium for Political Research 2
European Court of Justice 596–7
European integration, and national legislatures 3, 553
academic interest in 554
constraint on national democracy 553
deparliamentization 553–4
Europeanization of national parliaments 557
Eurosceptic parties 556
institutional adaptation 556
institutional convergence 555
interconnection of European and domestic agendas 557–8
intergovernmental policy coordination 561n
inter-parliamentary networking 554–5
mandating ministers 556
opposition parties 555–6
participation rights in EU governance 554
plenary debates 555–6
European Parliament (EP) 1, 20
career backgrounds of candidates 593
committees:
distributional theory 598
formation of 598–600
impact on legislative behavior 603–4
influence of political groups 599
influence of rapporteurs 603
informational theory 598–9
legislative outputs 603
partisan perspective on 599
constituency service 239–40
future research 605
influence of national parties on MEPs 594–5
institutional socialization 60
political groups in 594
allocation of positions in 598
coalition formation 602
congruence with national parties 597
formation of 596–8
ideological nature of 596–7
impact on legislative behavior 600–2
influence on committees 599
research gaps 602
roll call requests 602
similarity to factions 597
switching between 598
voting cohesion 600–2
quality of MEPs 595
research gaps 595
similarities with US Congress 591
trustee/delegate roles 276
turnover of MEPs 595
views of MEPs on European integration 593–4
European Parliament Research Group 177
European Science Foundation 188
European Social Survey 188
European Union (EU) 548
divergent preferences of voters and legislators 73
economic bailout of Cyprus 4
sub-national legislatures 613
experimental research 14, 194
average treatment effect 196
causal questions 194–5
coalition formation 201–5
Baron-Ferejohn model 202–3
context of experiments 204
demand bargaining 203–4
trust 204
control groups 195
experimental design:
context 197
external validity 198
influence of research traditions 197
internal validity 197
random assignment and sampling 196
use of student subjects 206–7
within-subjects design 196–7
experimental inference 207
future research 207
legislator-voter relations 205–6
mundane realism 206
responsiveness 205–6
roles of experiments 196
voter participation in deliberations 206
expert surveys 186–8
factional affiliation, Japan 299
factor analysis 104
Fine Gael 597
Food and Drug Act (1906, USA) 567
foreign policy, and legislatures 19–20, 552–3
constraints on involvement in 552
delegation of policy-making to government 543–4
executive domination of foreign policy 543–4
foreign economic relations 549–51
future research 559–60
influence of 544
information asymmetry 552
United States Congress 545–6
increased assertiveness of 551–2
security policy 546–7
War Powers Resolution (1973) 547
war on terror 552
formal models of legislatures 11–12, 29–31
coalition government 41–5
efficient bargaining model 43–4
game theory 41
government formation 41–4
minority governments 41–2
multi-stage game 44
portfolio assignment 42
sequential bargaining models 42–3
game theory 35–9
coalition government 41
efficient bargaining model 43–4
empirical content 38–9
equilibrium institutions 39
Gilligan-Krehbiel model 38
lack of explanatory power 38
multi-stage game 44
problems with 49
Romer-Rosenthal model 36–7
universality 38
general theory of legislatures 49–50
institutional analysis 32–4
mathematical representation 29
nature of formal modeling 30
purposes of 29
rational choice theory 29
framing, and agenda-setting 455
Frontex 568
game theory 12
Gamson's law 203
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 551
German Conference Committee 156
Germany:
candidate selection 214
legislator-voter relations 74
parliamentary involvement in military affairs 547
role of legislature in government formation 4
sub-national legislatures 617
globalization, and decline of legislatures 3
head of state, role in constitutional systems 651
Hicks paradox 488
History of Parliament Trust (UK) 7
Honduras 629
hybrid regimes 676
Iceland 222–3
ideology:
content analysis of party manifestos:
agenda effects 132–3
Comparative Manifestos Project 128–31
Wordfish 132
Wordscores 131–2
legislator-voter relations 71–2
impeachment 699
influence, use in eighteenth-century England 495–7
informational theory:
institutional equilibria, and formal models of legislatures 47–9
institutionalism 12
evolution of legislative studies 7–11
historical institutionalism 10–11
as methodology 33
old institutionalism 7–8
party switching 419
rational choice theory 10
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI, Mexico) 430
Interamerican Development Bank, Structural Policy Index 639
interest groups 19, 526
benefits of 526
detrimental effects of 526
development of research on 528–9
diversity of 533
electoral influence 537
European Commission 531
evolution of 526–7
future research:
influence of 536–7
legislator-interest group linkages 537
legislator-interest group relations 535–6
legislative tactics and strategy 530–2
legislator-interest group relations 535–6
political role of 529
renewed interest in 529
variation in activity across issues 531–2
International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions 7
International Political Science Association 2
Internet, sub-national legislatures' use of 621
intersectionality, and women in legislatures 255–6
interviews 14, 167
advantages of 168
behaviour during 173–4
constructivist theories of 173
contacting subjects 172–3
disadvantages of 167
elite studies 171
focus of representation 274
interviewer/interviewee relations 171–2
qualitative analysis 167
questions 174–6
closed questions 174–5
formatting 175–6
open questions 174
order of 175
sensitive 175
wording 175
recording of 176
response rates 185–6
sampling 172
selection bias 186
as social exchange 172
use in exploratory research 169
value of 167
Iraq War 549
Item Response Theory 104
Kommission für Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien (Germany) 7
Korean War 547
Kuomintang party 223
Labour Party (UK) 375
Latin American legislatures 21
ambition 630
coalition politics 641–2
electoral connection 629–30
bill initiation 629–30
constituency service 629
constituent-representative relations 631
future research 643–4
growth of research on 628
legislative-executive relations 642–3
gridlock 638
literature on 637–8
presidents' agenda implementation 639–41
legislative recruitment 630
presidents' agenda implementation 639–41
agenda-setting 639
bill approval rates 639–40
determinants of 640
presidential decrees 640–1
uncertainty over legislators' preferences 640
representation of women 630
research gaps 636–7
lawmaking 18–19, 495–7
dominant role of government 482
passage rates of executive legislation:
box scores 490–1
influence of partisan support 485–6
lack of comparative research 489–90
Latin American legislatures 639–40
measures of legislative success 490
national constituencies 492–4
by political system/government status 491–2
use of partisan resources 498–9
Turkish parliament 481–2
uncertainty 482
United States Congress, fast-track bill 481
leader democracy 58
legislative behavior:
electoral systems 15, 231–2, 233, 243–4
constituency service 239–40
monitoring and sanctioning by parties 240–2
pork-barrel bills 238–9
impact of candidate selection methods 213, 214, 218–19, 220, 226, 241, 391
cartel party 223–4
disjointed party 222–3
party cohesion/discipline 221
stratarchical party 224–5
institutional approach to 221
preferences of legislators 373
pre-parliamentary socialization 60
significant party behavior 406
sociological approach to 221
term limits 296–8
legislative careers 16, 286–7, 300–2
comparative studies 298–300
definitional difficulties 287–8
electoral systems 287
European Parliament MEPs 593
macro-level studies 290–1
measurement difficulties 288–9
methodology for studying 300–1
significance of 302
strategic interaction of incumbents and challengers 293
strategic retirement 293
studies of US Congress 291–2
sub-national legislatures 615
term limits 294–5
effects of 297–8
impact on legislators' origins 296
post-legislative careers 295–6
transformative legislatures 286
transitions 292
value of holding office 294
see also candidate selection; legislative recruitment
legislative parties 372–4
analytical models 372
catch-all parties 379–80
caucus 374
complexity of 372–3
elite parties 378
entrepreneurial party 380
extra-parliamentary party organization 372
catch-all parties 379–80
dominance over 376
elite parties 378
mass parties 378–9
factors affecting legislative impact of
access to office 390
candidate selection 391
costs of exit 390–1
partyness of government 387–8
party size 389
party unity 388–9
stability of 389–90
future research 392–3
hierarchical structure 374–6
conditional party government 374
leadership 375
middle management 375
staff resources 375–6
idiographic literature on 387
independence of 379–80
mass parties 378–9
principal-agent framework 373, 377–8
catch-all parties 379–80
elite parties 378
entrepreneurial party 380
leader-caucus relations 375
mass parties 378–9
reasons for existence of 380–1
allocation of cabinet portfolios 384
collective action problems in legislature 382–3
functionalist perspective 381
legislators' perspective 382–6
normative accounts 381–2
policy impact 385–6
social choice problems 383
voter mobilization 383–4
responsible party government 372
significant party behavior 406
as solution to legislative problem 401
state legislatures (USA) 617
veto-player theory 387
legislative recruitment 14–15, 61–8
assets for legislative recruitment and careers 63
barriers and obstacles 66
competition for political leadership 61–2
contenders 62
contradiction in 65
electorates 62
elite restrictions on access 62
inequality 61
Latin America 630
party selectorates 62
public and media scrutiny 63
from public sector 66
sub-national legislatures 614–15
from teaching profession 68
turnover rates 68
see also candidate selection; legislative careers
legislative strength:
democracy 647
legislative studies:
evolution of 5–11
behaviorism 9
dominance of American scholars 11
functionalist approaches 8
historical institutionalism 10–11
historical research 7
legal-constitutional scholarship 6–7
new institutionalism 9–10
old institutionalism 7–8
philosophical roots of 6
rational choice theory 10
systems theory 8
growth of 2
information availability 2–3
journals 2
supply-and-demand model 62–3
theoretical approaches in 11–12
Legislative Studies Quarterly (LSQ) 169–70
legislative viscosity 88
legislative voting:
amendment procedure 467–8
experimental research 198–201
backward/forward agendas 199–200
institutional effects 200–1
majority rule (in)stability 198–200
parliamentary rules and procedures 320–2
sequencing and ordering 467–8
successive procedure 467–8
see also legislative behavior; roll-call analysis
legislator-voter relations 69, 75
collective congruence 71
collective representation 70–1
congruence between 70
congruence concerning politics 72
content analysis of constituency service 134–5
control through electoral competition 69
convergent preferences 70
electoral systems 71
experimental research 205–6
ideological congruence 71–2
process preferences 72–3
reciprocal nature of 71
responsible-party model 71
legislatures:
decline of 3–4
definition of 1
different names for 1
etymological roots of term 1
general theory of 49–50
organizational variety 40
policy influence of 4–5
significance of 4–5
Libya 547
Lisbon Treaty 554
Magna Carta (1215) 514
manifestos, content analysis of:
agenda effects 132–3
Comparative Manifestos Project 128–31
Wordfish 132
Wordscores 131–2
mass media, and agenda-setting 455
median voter theorem 104
methodology 12–14
see also content analysis; debate and deliberation in legislatures; experimental research; formal models
of legislatures; interviews; scaling methods; surveys
ministerial drift in coalition government 440–1
minority interests, and bicameralism 335
minority representation, and sub-national legislatures 615
mixed systems 651
models, see formal models of legislatures
Montenegro 669n
multidimensional scaling (MDS) 104
Mutiny Act (1689, England) 700
National Action Party (PAN, Mexico) 430
National Audit Office (UK) 522
National Labour Review Board 573
neo-corporatism, and decline of legislatures 3
Neodemocrats, and bureaucratic control 571
neo-institutionalism, and role analysis 268–9
Neoprogressives, and bureaucratic control 571
new media, sub-national legislatures use of 621
New Zealand 214
NOMINATE model 105
North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) 551
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 548
Northern Ireland 612
observational research 195
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act (1988, USA) 551
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 666
oversight 20
content analysis 134
functions of legislatures 86
policing coalition bargain 440–1
cabinet-level 441–2
coalition committees 442
committee chair assignments 445
future research 447–8
inside parliament 443–6
legislative committees 443–5
legislative policing strength 445–6
party summits 442
see also bureaucracy, control of
Pakistan 705–6
Paraguay 679
Parliament, Houses of (UK):
role in budgetary decisions 519
Parliamentary Elites of Latin America project 636
parliamentary questions 126
bureaucratic delegation 569
functions of 138
parliamentary control of government 322–3
parliamentary systems:
agenda-setting 468–71
coalition politics 641–2
confidence convention 403–5
as fused power systems 84
individual autonomy 94–5
legislatures in 84
partisan autonomy 94–5
party cohesion 403–6
parliaments, origins of term 1
Parti-Rep (Participation and Representation) project 223
party cohesion 220–1, 388, 412
centrist parties 409
Congressional parties 400–2
constitutional context 400
definition of 399
Krehbiel's model of 402
leader-induced equilibrium 412
multiparty settings 409–10
parliamentary systems 403–6
political accountability 400
selective incentives 410–12
candidate selection 411–12
electoral system 410–11
legislative organization 411
significant party behavior 406–7
party competition, salience theory of 128
party discipline 220–1, 388, 412
definition of 399
multiparty settings 409–10
party leadership 412
party switching 421
selective incentives 410–12
candidate selection 411–12
electoral system 410–11
legislative organization 411
as theoretical construct 399
Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD, Mexico) 430
party organization, legislative independence 89
party switching 18, 418–19
autocracies 429–30
contextual conditions of 422–4
coordination of 429
definition of 430n
electoral costs of 421
electoral deterrents 425
frontier of research 424–8
future research 428–30
impact of candidate selection methods 424–5
impact on democratic representation 419
incumbents/candidates 429
leadership strategy 425–6
office rewards of 421–2
party discipline 421
party government status 421
party size 421
policy influences 421
puzzling nature of 418
reasons for 420–1
seniority 421
systemic effects of 426–8
party unity:
impact of candidate selection methods 218–20, 221, 408–10, 411–12
cartel party 223–4
disjointed party 222–3
stratarchical party 224–5
impact on legislative output 388
institutional approach to 221
leader's role 388–9
selective incentives 410–12
candidate selection 411–12
electoral system 410–11
legislative organization 411
significant party behavior 406–7
sociological approach to 221
personal vote-seeking 231, 232–3
committees 364–5
electoral benefit of 243
electoral systems 234–5, 237, 410–11
constituencies appealed to 237–8
diffuse constituencies 240
pork-barrel politics 238–9
responsiveness to local interests 238
impact of candidate selection methods 241
methods used in 237
Peru 680
philosophy, study of legislatures 6
Pluralist School, and bureaucratic control 570–1
policy-making:
bicameralism 335–6
function of legislature 87
see also agenda-setting; foreign policy, and legislatures; interest groups; public finance and
legislatures; statutory policy-making
Polish Sejm, rules and procedures 315–16
Polish United Workers' Party 689
political opportunity structure, and women in legislatures 257–9
electoral systems 257–8
government spending levels 258
party ideology 258
policy priorities 258–9
political parties 17–18
catch-all parties 379
constitutional context 400
democracy 372
elite parties 378
entrepreneurial party 380
as franchise systems 225
goal of 371
impact of democratization 217
manifestos, content analysis of
agenda effects 132–3
Comparative Manifestos Project 128–31
Wordfish 132
Wordscores 131–2
mass parties 378–9
monitoring and sanctioning abilities 240–2
party cohesion/party discipline distinction 220–1
reasons for existence of:
functionalist perspective 381
legislators' perspective 382–6
normative accounts 381–2
responsible-party model 71
see also candidate selection; coalition government; legislative parties; party cohesion; party discipline;
party switching; party unity
Political Studies Association (UK) 2
premier-presidential systems 651
presidential systems:
agenda-setting 469
coalition politics 641–2
gridlock 485
policy influence of legislatures 4–5
separation of powers 84–5
pressure groups, see interest groups
principal-agent relations 58
legislative parties 373, 377–8
agency problems 377–8
catch-all parties 379–80
elite parties 378
entrepreneurial party 380
mass parties 378–9
sociology of legislatures and legislators 75
see also legislator-voter relations
Principle Component Analysis 104
process preferences, and legislator-voter relations 72–3
Progressives, and bureaucratic control 570
proportional representation systems:
candidate selection 214
committee strength 364
European Parliament 593
party switching 424
see also electoral systems
Public Choice School, and bureaucratic control 571
public finance and legislatures 19, 514–15, 523
case studies 516
changes in legislative-executive relations 522–3
Chile 639
Cobden Club study 515–16
effects of involvement in financial decisions 522
English Parliament's control of:
censure procedures 699
control of royal decrees 699–700
difficulty in transplanting elsewhere 700–1
power of the purse 697–8
future research 521–3
impact on public finances 519
legislative power 710–11
legislative strengthening programs 521
political economy literature 516
reforms to strengthen fiscal discipline 520
role in budgetary decisions 516–17
budgetary authority 517
majority/minority governments 520
organizational capacity 517
variations in 519
see also budgetary reversions
public sector, legislative recruitment from 66
question time, see parliamentary questions
rational choice theory 12
debate and deliberation in legislatures 146–9
formal models of legislatures 29
legislative studies 10
party switching 419
see also social choice theory
Reasoned Action, Theory of 270
Reform Act (1867, UK) 378
Regional and Federal Studies 300
representation:
bicameralism 335
candidate selection 217–18
content analysis of constituency service 134–5
democracy 217
focus of 274
function of legislature 86
style of 274
see also legislator-voter relations
roles, legislative 15–16
Burke's influence on 267–8
congruence between typologies of 279
Eulau-Wahlke typology 272–3, 274, 278–9
behavioral consequences 275–6
critiques of 274–6
focus of representation 274
role switching 280
trustee/delegate 274–5
meaning of roles 268–9
motivational approach to 271–2
prospects for study of 281–2
role-behavior relationship 269
roles as perceived expectations 270
roles as strategies 270–1
role switching 280
sub-national legislatures 616–17
theoretical weakness 272
roll-call analysis:
evolution of scaling techniques and spatial analysis 104–5
NOMINATE model 105
problems and issues with scaling techniques 115–17
rules and procedures 16, 311–13, 326–7
access to the plenary 324–5
areas covered by 312
cabinet inauguration/removal 318–19
in constitutions 311–12
conventions 311
criteria for good rules 315
definition of 311
diversity of 315
effectiveness of parliament 314–15
electoral rules in parliament 317–19
emergence of 313–14
evolution of 6–7
failures of 315–17
Habsburg Austria 316
House of Commons 317
obstruction 316–17
Polish Sejm 315–16
post-Soviet Russia 316
formal rules 311
importance of 34
parliamentary control of government 322–4
budget rules 323–4
parliamentary committees 323
parliamentary questions 322–3
reaching out to the public 324–5
reporting of parliament 325
research gaps 327
rule change 326
sources of 311–12
United States Senate 5
voting rules 320–2
Russia 647, 651, 666, 668n, 669n
institutionalization of legislature 664
presidential/semi-presidential system 650
public finance and legislatures 666
regional assemblies 612
safe seats 214
salience theory of party competition 128
scaling methods 13
applications in legislative studies 113–14
evolution of 104–5
problems and issues with 115–17
Schelling Conjecture 550
Schengen Agreement 567–8
Schröder, Gerhard 4
securitization 552
security policy, see foreign policy, and legislatures
selectorates:
separation of powers, and presidential systems 84
socialization, institutional 59–61
sociology of legislatures and legislators 12, 57–9, 74–6
insider-insider relations 57
insider-outsider relations 57
institutional formation and change 57–8
principal-agent relations 75
Spain 704–5
spatial models 103
abstentions 115
applications of scaling methods 113–14
comparability between different chambers 114–15
compatibility across time 114
evolution of scaling techniques and spatial analysis 104–5
problems and issues with scaling techniques 115–17
state legislatures (USA) 611
committees 618
e-government 621
elections 614
inter-parliamentary activism 621
legislative behavior 617
legislative careers 615
minority representation 615
professionalization of 292
research on 611
women's committee assignments 254
(p. 758)
statutory policy-making:
passage rates of executive legislation:
box scores 490–1
influence of partisan support 485–6
lack of comparative research 489–90
Latin American legislatures 639–40
measures of legislative success 490
national constituencies 492–4
by political system/government status 491–2
use of partisan resources 498–9
Stolper-Samuelson theory 550
structural functionalism 8
sub-national legislatures 20–1
America-Europe divide in research on 610–11
American state legislatures 611
coalition politics 619–20
development of research on 614
e-government 621
entrepreneurial activities of 620
European research on 611–12
in European Union 613
future research 622
implications for democratic theory 610
international activities of 620–1
legislative careers 615
legislative recruitment 614–15
links with national politics 615
minority representation 615
multilevel governance 613
new media 621
post-communist countries 612–13
reasons for growth of 609–10
regional assemblies 611–12
significance of 609
United Kingdom 612
voter behavior 615–16
women's representation 615
surveys 14, 167
coordination amongst researchers 188–9
disadvantages of 168
expert surveys 186–8
legislative surveys 177–85
on-line surveys 177
overview of parliamentary surveys 178–84
quantitative analysis 168
response rates 185–6
self-administered 168
structured nature of 168–9
telephone surveys 177–85
value of 167
Sweden 520
systems theory 8
Taiwan 223
teaching profession, legislative recruitment from 68
(p. 759)
term limits 294–5
effects of 297–8
impact on legislators' origins 296
legislative capacity 297–8
post-legislative careers 295–6
territorial representation, and bicameralism 339–40
Thailand 507n
timetable control, and agenda-setting 462–3
totalitarianism, decline in 679
Trade Act (1974, USA) 551
trade issues, parliamentary involvement in 549–51
transnational legislatures 1
typologies and classifications of legislatures 12, 82–3
Blondel's typology 88
comparative legislative autonomy 92–6
explanation of policy power 95
institutional autonomy 93–4
integration of micro and macro approaches 95
level of exogenous control 92–3
temporal change 95–6
comparing legislatures across political systems 87
definitional clarification 83–5
functions of legislatures 85
control 86
linkage of citizens and government 85–6
oversight of executive 86
policy-making 87
relative balance between 87
representation 86
historical evolution of 85–92
impact of party organization 89
influence of micro-level approach 91
limited explanatory power of 82
negative powers/legislative viscosity 88
policy-making power 90
popular support 89–91
static nature of 82–3
variations in approach to 82
Ukraine 647, 650–1, 656, 665, 666, 668n
presidential powers 651–6
public finance and legislatures 666
unfolding analysis 104
United Nations 548
United States Congress:
Biographical Directory of the US Congress 289
bureaucratic oversight/control:
bureaucratic preferences 576–8
Congressional abdication 572
Congressional dominance 572
fire alarms 573
incentives for 573
legislative coalition 573–4
multiple principals 572–3
police patrols 573
spatial model for multiple principals 575–6
collective challenges facing members 401
fast-track bill 481
(p. 760)
foreign policy 545–6
increased assertiveness in 551–2
security policy 546–7
War Powers Resolution (1973) 547
incumbency advantage 218
institutional socialization 59–60
legislative careers 291–2
legislative parties:
committee assignments 358
impact of 401–2
Krehbiel's model of party cohesion 402
party discipline/cohesion 400–2
policy committees 376
policy impact 385–6
role of 357–8
as solution to legislative problem 401
staff resources 375–6
weakness of 400
legislative problem 401
party unity 219
roles of 685
Roster of 289
rules and procedures 7
transformative capacity 286
see also Congressional committees
United States House of Representatives:
institutional socialization 59–60
length of legislative careers 289
United States Senate:
foreign policy 545
Parliamentarian of 5
passage of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 4–5
United States Supreme Court, and rule of four 465
United States Trade Representative 551
veto players:
agenda-setting 465–6
agenda-setting under majority rule 460–1
Congressional committees 355
formal models of legislatures 46–7
legislative parties 387
Vietnamese Communist Party 682
Vietnamese National Assembly 690–1
voter behavior:
impact of electoral systems 231
accountability of legislators 234
monitoring and sanctioning abilities 242–3
rational ignorance 242
sub-national legislatures 615–16
see also legislator-voter relations
voter mobilization, and political parties 383–4
Voteworld 186
Wales 612
war powers and security policy 546–9
constraining influence of legislatures 548
ex-ante parliamentary approval 549
joint military missions 548
parliamentary veto power 547–8
participation in Iraq War 549
reasons for limited legislative involvement 549
War Powers Resolution (1973) 547
War Powers Resolution (1973, USA) 547
welfare states, and decline of legislatures 3
women in legislatures:
elite women 256
evolution of research field 250–1
gendered nature of legislatures 254
intersectionality 255–6
Latin America 630
from minority groups 256
multiparty group 256
party affiliation 256
political opportunity structure 257–9
electoral systems 257–8
government spending levels 258
party ideology 258
policy priorities 258–9
sub-national legislatures 615
women's interests 256–7
Wordfish 132
Wordscores 131–2
