11.1 National party hard money receipts, 1976–2000 207

11.2 National voter turnout in presidential elections, 1972–2008 214

11.3 Percentage of Americans who split their vote choice, 1952–2004 216

12.1 Third parties and total third party vote in presidential elections, 1872–2008 228

12.2 Push–pull model of third party support with separated major parties 235

12.3 Push–pull model of third party support with undifferentiated major parties 236

14.1 Viewing audiences for Democratic conventions in the television era 273

15.1 Ideological placements of US House candidates, activists, and voters, 2006 296

19.1 Determining partisan overlap in Congress 360

19.2 Difference in party medians, House and Senate, first‐dimension DW‐nominate scores, 1867–1999 362

19.3 Partisan convergence in the House, DW‐nominate scores, 1867–1999 364

19.4 Partisan convergence in the Senate, DW‐nominate scores, 1867–1999 364

19.5 Partisan convergence in Congress, ADA scores, 1947–95 365

19.6 Minimum wage distributions over parties 369