This chapter examines the ways in which Paul utilizes the concept of covenant in his writings. It situates Paul’s usage of the term “covenant” (diathēkē) within the legal and religious contexts of covenants among ancient Israel. In noting the large variety of covenants in the Hebrew Bible, this chapter suggests that Paul’s use of covenant language and imagery reflects that same variety, and thus full treatments of Pauline texts dealing with covenant must be seen broadly in light of ancient Israelite covenant theology. Ultimately, this approach to Paul and the covenant requires a re-examination of his explicit references to covenant, and also a re-analysis of his writings for the sorts of language, concepts, and imagery that are regularly associated with covenants in the Hebrew Bible.