This article presents and applies insights developed by Critical Theory to offer a heuristic framework for appreciating and accommodating the existence of competing conceptions of scientific knowledge. Specifically, this article commends the contribution of Habermas's theory of cognitive interests for the development of the understanding of management and organization. This theory is illustrated by reference to established areas of organizational analysis as well as to more recent research on ‘new organizational forms’. In this article, a plurality of methodologies within organization studies is identified and reviewed, using the literature on mainstream management theory and employee participation as well as ‘new organizational forms’ to illustrate the analysis. Finally, some affinities between elements of Habermas's thinking and poststructuralist analysis advanced by Foucault and by Laclau and Mouffe are signalled.