6.1. Inscription commemorating Perpetua and other North African martyrs. From Tabbernee 1997: 106. 121

6.2. Epitaph of a Perpetua, sweetest daughter. From Tabbernee 1997: 110. 122

6.3. Rotas/sator palindrome. 129

6.4. Rotas/sator palindrome with tenet forming cross. 130

6.5. Rotas/sator palindrome rearranged to form paternoster. 131

7.1. Palimpsest of Cicero, De Republica. From Steffens 1903: pl. 13. 149

7.2. Capitalis quadrata used in a fourth‐ or fifth‐century copy of Vergil's Aeneid. From Thompson 1894: 185. 150

7.3. Rustic capitals used in the Carmen de bello Actiaco, pre—79 ce from Herculaneum. From Steffens 1910: pl. 3. 151

7.4. Cursive capitals from a wall inscription from Pompeii, first century ce. From Thompson 1894: 206. 152

7.5. New Roman cursive used in an imperial rescript on papyrus dated to the fifth century. From Thompson 1894: 212. 152

7.6. An uncial copy of the book of Acts, chapter 28, from the mid‐sixth century. From Thompson 1894: 194. 153

7.7. Half‐uncial copy of the In Constantium imperatorem of Hilary of Poitiers, dating to 509/510 ce. From Steffens 1903: no. 17. 153

7.8. Greek cursive papyrus dated to 355 ce; the manumission of a slave. From Thompson 1894: 142. 154

7.9. Greek uncial from the Codex Sinaiticus. From Thompson 1894: 150. 155

7.10. Greek miniscule, a tenth‐century copy of Thucydides. From Thompson 1912: pl. 57. 156

7.11. Caroline miniscule, the Rule of St Benedict, from the ninth century. From Steffens 1903: pl. 36. 156

7.12. A section of the seventh‐century uncial Codex Amiatinus. From Thompson 1894: 195. 157

22.1. Mosaic of Christ and the apostles that once adorned the walls of the old triclinium of the Lateran palace in Rome. 447