This article examines the history of Mesoamerica based on archaeological evidence. The archaeology of the colonial period reveals a mosaic of adaptations and adjustments, in both native and Spanish populations, with individuals and communities pursuing a variety of subsistence and social strategies according to the conditions of local environments and markets, the efficacy of coercive force, and the possibilities of alliance-building through intermarriage and reciprocal feasting. Through processes of adaptation and culture change, native communities have survived into the contemporary world, where they continue to struggle for cultural self-determination.