- The Oxford Handbook of: Health Economics
- Acknowledgements
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- List of Boxes
- List of Contributors
- Introduction
- Health Systems in Industrialized Countries
- Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
- The Political Economy of Health Care
- The Promise of Health: Evidence of the Impact of Health on Income and Well-Being
- Health Production
- Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms
- Determinants of Health in Childhood
- Economics of Infectious Diseases
- Economics of Health Behaviors and Addictions: Contemporary Issues and Policy Implications
- Economics and Mental Health: an International Perspective
- Public-Sector Health Care Financing
- Voluntary Private Health Insurance
- Health Care Cost Growth
- User Charges
- Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care
- Guaranteed Access to Affordable Coverage in Individual Health Insurance Markets
- Managed Care
- Hospitals: Teaming Up
- Primary Care
- The Global Health Workforce
- The Economics of the Biopharmaceutical Industry
- Disease Prevention, Health Care, and Economics
- Long-Term Care
- Physician Agency and Payment for Primary Medical Care
- Provider Payment and Incentives
- Non-Price Rationing and Waiting Times
- Increasing Competition Between Providers in Health Care Markets: The Economic Evidence
- Measuring Organizational Performance
- Health System Productivity
- The Methods of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Inform Decisions about the Use of Health Care Interventions and Programs
- Analyzing Uncertainty in Cost-effectiveness For Decision-making
- Health Utility Measurement
- Concepts of Equity and Fairness in Health and Health Care
- Measuring inequality and Inequity in Health and Health Care
- Inter-Generational Aspects of Health Care
- Econometric Evaluation of Health Policies
- Health Economics and Policy: the Challenges of Proselytizing
- Index
Abstract and Keywords
This article summarizes the literature, and considers the issue of paying for research and development. It reviews research and development costs, regulation, productivity and incentives for innovation. It discusses market demand and pricing, effects of insurance, reimbursement regulation, alternatives to patents, and generics. Further, it reviews trends in promotion, regulation of promotion and its effects. It discusses global issues, including differential pricing and R&D for neglected diseases. The focus is on the US, as the home of the largest number of multinational pharmaceutical and smaller biotech companies. This article notes the important differences in regulatory and reimbursement systems in other countries. Finally it suggests that although there is large and growing literature on the pharmaceutical industry that has produced valuable information, important issues remain for future research.
Keywords: research and development, generics, pharmaceutical, reimbursement, productivity
Patricia M. Danzon, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Care Management at The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. She received a B.A. from Oxford and a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago. She has held faculty positions at Duke and the University of Chicago. Professor Danzon is a member of the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Social Insurance. She has published widely in scholarly journals on a broad range of subjects related to pharmaceuticals and health economics and consults widely for public and private organizations.
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- The Oxford Handbook of: Health Economics
- Acknowledgements
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- List of Boxes
- List of Contributors
- Introduction
- Health Systems in Industrialized Countries
- Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
- The Political Economy of Health Care
- The Promise of Health: Evidence of the Impact of Health on Income and Well-Being
- Health Production
- Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms
- Determinants of Health in Childhood
- Economics of Infectious Diseases
- Economics of Health Behaviors and Addictions: Contemporary Issues and Policy Implications
- Economics and Mental Health: an International Perspective
- Public-Sector Health Care Financing
- Voluntary Private Health Insurance
- Health Care Cost Growth
- User Charges
- Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care
- Guaranteed Access to Affordable Coverage in Individual Health Insurance Markets
- Managed Care
- Hospitals: Teaming Up
- Primary Care
- The Global Health Workforce
- The Economics of the Biopharmaceutical Industry
- Disease Prevention, Health Care, and Economics
- Long-Term Care
- Physician Agency and Payment for Primary Medical Care
- Provider Payment and Incentives
- Non-Price Rationing and Waiting Times
- Increasing Competition Between Providers in Health Care Markets: The Economic Evidence
- Measuring Organizational Performance
- Health System Productivity
- The Methods of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Inform Decisions about the Use of Health Care Interventions and Programs
- Analyzing Uncertainty in Cost-effectiveness For Decision-making
- Health Utility Measurement
- Concepts of Equity and Fairness in Health and Health Care
- Measuring inequality and Inequity in Health and Health Care
- Inter-Generational Aspects of Health Care
- Econometric Evaluation of Health Policies
- Health Economics and Policy: the Challenges of Proselytizing
- Index
