16.1 Labour and Conservative share of electorate, 1970–2005 291

16.2 Absolute difference in Labour and Conservative seat shares, 1970–2005 296

17.1 The Russian Doll Model 315

17.2 From Russian Dolltospider's web 318

19.1 The central state 351

20.1 Range of ‘lobbying’ meanings 370

25.1 Declining class voting, 1960s–2000s 467

25.2 Weakening partisanship, 1960s–2000s 467

25.3 Turnout at British general elections since 1945 475

33.1 Staying on rates (proportions) by parental income group 616

33.2 Degree completion by age 23 by parental income group 617

33.3 Average rank of test scores at 22, 42, 60, and 120 months by SES of parents and early rank position 619

40.1 Unemployment rates by ethnic group and age, 2001–2 744

42.1 The relationship between political participation and government effectiveness in thirty‐seven countries, 2004 775

42.2 Turnout in United Kingdom general elections, 1945–2005 777

42.3 Trendsinparty membership 1983–2005 778

42.4 The number of political actions undertaken in a year 780

42.5 Membership of organizations 783

42.6 Attempts to influence education, medical treatment, or working conditions 787

42.7 The relationship between indicators of participation and social capital in the British Election Study, 2005 793

46.1 Ratio of merchandise trade to GDP at current prices, 1913–2005 864

46.2 Ratio of British exports to the EU to those to the rest of the world 865

46.3a Origin of British imports (goods), 1998–2006 865

46.3b Destination of British exports (goods), 1998–2006 866

46.4a Origin of British imports (services), 1992–2005 867

46.4b Destination of British exports (services), 1992–2005 868

46.5a Origin of British inbound FDI, 1996–2005 868

46.5b Destination of British outbound FDI, 1996–2005 869

46.5c British inbound FDI, 1996–2005 869

46.5d British outbound FDI, 1996–2005 870

46.6 Daily average foreign‐exchange turnover, 1988–2004 871

46.7 Equity turnover on the London Stock Exchange—UK and foreign holdings, 1987–2004 871

46.8a British in‐migration, 1971–2004 872

46.8b British out‐migration, 1971–2004 873

46.9 Britain's balance of trade in goods and services, 1992–2005 875

46.10 Britain's balance of trade in goods and services with the EU, 1992–2005 876