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(p. 852) (p. 853) Index
Note: Page numbers in italic refer to figures. Entries and sub-entries are arranged alphabetically, except for archaeological periods, which are arranged chronologically.
Abdashtart I: 117
Abu Hureyra, Syria 135–7
Abu Salem, Cisjordan 160
Aceramic Neolithic (Khirokitia Culture) 50
Adad-nirari III: 101
Aegean Late Minoan I: 57
Aetokremnos, Cyprus 186–7
Ahmose 562
‘Ain Dara, Syria 615–16
Ain Samiya goblet 396
Akanthou, Cyprus 189
Akkar Valley, Lebanon 607
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G. 214
Akrotiri Peninsula 15
Alalah, Syria 512–13
Alashiya, see Cyprus
Alassa, Cyprus 580–1
Alexander Sarcophagus, Sidon 37–8
Alexander the Great 118–19
Amanic Gates (Bahçe Pass) 11
El Amarna period 57–8
Amathous, Cyprus 810
Amenophis III: 572
American Center of Oriental Research, Jordan 41
American Schools of Oriental Research, USA 35
Ammon 118
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Babylonian period 832–3
TOPICS
chronology 758
geography 757–8
research 758
seals 765
sites map 759
Amorite language 26
Anatolia 90–6
breakdown of economic/political systems 95–6
Hittite military intervention in Syria 91–2
and Ugarit 92–3
Anderson, William P. 610
animal remains, see faunal remains
Annals of Sargon II: 83
Annals of Tuthmosis III: 583
anthropomorphic figurines
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Chalcolithic 244
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Jordan 244
TOPICS
metal 518
Antioch 38
Arabic language 31–2
Arahattu, Lebanese ruler 537–8
Aramean states 683–99
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age I/II transition 685–7
Iron Age II–III: 687–8
Iron Age IIA: 688–92
Iron Age IIB: 692–4
Iron Age III: 697–9
TOPICS
literacy 694
Arcado-Cypriot language 667
Archaic Attic pottery 63
Archi, Alfonso 53
architecture
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Early Bronze Age 271–2, 273, 310, 310–11, 334, 339, 344
Early Bronze Age II–III: 297–300
Early Bronze Age III: 281
Early Bronze Age IV: 285
Persian period 844–5
Babylonian period 828
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Akkadian Empire 372–3
Aramean states 689–91
Cyprus
Israel 828
Moab 773
TOPICS
Arjoune, Syria 143–4
Arqa, Lebanon
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
foreign contacts 534
fortifications 526
settlements 419–20
arrowheads
Persian period 847–8
art 243
and birth of religion 128–9
figurative arts 846–7
funerary art 693
wall paintings 244
see also figurines
Artaxerxes III: 117
Ashtarte-on the-Ingot 668
Asprokremnos, Cyprus 187–8
Assur Prism 83
Assurbanipal 103
Assurnasirpal II: 100
Assyria 98–9
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
and Mesopotamia, expansion in 99–101
and Moab 779
palaces 100
royal annals 99
Assyrian Monolith Inscription 83
(p. 856)
Babylonian period 61–3, 825–38
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Ammon 832–3
Cisjordan 830
Edom 833–4
Egypt 829
Israel 827–9
Jordan 832–4
Judah 828–9
Lebanon 834–5
Moab 833
Sinai 829
Turkey 834–5
TOPICS
burial sites 829
destruction 831
Greek imports 835–7
pottery 836
sites map 826
Badre, Leila 608–10
bakeries 564
Balaam Inscription 764
Barbarian Ware 586
basalt objects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age 617
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Lebanon 438–9
Syria 515
Bashan plateau (Golan Heights) 20
Basta, Transjordan 174
beads
Persian period 848
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain 100–1
Beidha, Transjordan 174
Besorian culture 49
‘Bet David’ Aramaic inscription 752
Beth Yerah, Cisjordan 318
Bezez, Lebanon 144
Biblical Archaeology model 39
biblical references
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age I: 649–50
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Babylonia 104
Edom 833
Israel 730–1
Moab 770
Phoenicia 711–12
see also Hebrew Bible
Biga, Maria G. 53
Bikai, Patricia 804–5
Bit Gabbari/Y’dy, Aramean states 684
Black Desert (Harrat ash-Shaba, Transjordan) 20
Black Desert (Khirbet al Umbashi, Syria) 376
Black Lustrous Wheel-Made Ware 477
Black Slip Ware 490
Blakely, Jeffrey A. 746
Bouqras, Syria 139
Braemer, Frank 613
Braidwood, Robert 279–80
Brawer, Moshe 394–5
Bromage, T. 187
Bronze Age
written sources 26–7
Bronze Gate, Balawat 689
burial practices
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Intermediate Bronze Age 393–4
Iron Age 612–13
Iron Age I/II transition 686
Persian period 845–6
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cisjordan 78, 80, 152, 156–8, 159, 161, 162, 209, 227, 230, 231–3, 272, 312–13, 321–2, 455, 456, 460, 550, 639
Edom 787
Israel 156
Judah 748
Judea 270
Philistia 725–6
Phoenicia 709
Sinai 159
TOPICS
cist tombs 845
warrior tombs 442
burial sites
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Intermediate Bronze Age 396
Babylonian period 829
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Israel 829
Judah 829
Transjordan 571
TOPICS
Burnished Grey Ware 311
Busayra Painted Ware 789
Bustan ash-Shaykh, Lebanon 844
Byblos, Lebanon 274
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
Department of Antiquities (France) excavations 38
foreign contacts 534
fortification system 298
inscriptions 28–9
material culture 443
projectile points 173
settlements 297–8
Byblos syllabary 446
Canaan, see Cisjordan
Canaanite Combed Ware 72
Carchemish, see Karkemish
Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark 38
Cave of the Warrior, Judean Desert region 232
cave sites
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Jordan 241
TOPICS
Cave of the Warrior, Judean Desert region 232
figurines 161
lithic industry 144
ritual objects 156
Cesnola, General Luigi Palma di 35
Chalcolithic period 49–50, 203–10
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Lebanese-Syrian coast 212–20
TOPICS
basketry 244
birthing symbolism 258
pastoralism 238
politics and research 204–6
social evolutionary trends 209–10
Chamaza, Vera 779
Chébab, Maurice 218
chemical provenience studies 41
Chesson, Meredith S. 334
Chocolate-on-Cream Ware 56
chronology 44–63, 45, 62
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Neolithic 48–50
Chalcolithic 49–50
Bronze Age 50–2
TOPICS
artefact seriation 45
Cypriot 46–7
ethnonyms 47
Jerusalem scheme 44–5
Levantine periods 70
naming debate 44–8
radiometry and 45
Cisjordan
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Neolithic 147–64
chrono-cultural framework 149
early Holocene environments 149–52
Late Neolithic I: 159–62
Late Neolithic II: 162–3
Early Bronze Age 307–22, 343
collapse of civilization 322
Early Bronze Age I: 307–13
Early Bronze Age II–III: 313–22
sites map 309
Babylonian period 830
TOPICS
architecture 79, 154, 157, 227, 310, 310–11, 318, 454–5, 459–60, 630–1, 631, 637–8, 638, 640, 642, 739, 739
basketry 155
burial practices 78, 80, 152, 156–8, 159, 161, 162, 209, 227, 230, 231–3, 272, 312–13, 321–2, 455, 456, 460, 550, 639
economy 319
fresco paintings 462
geography 17–20
interregional/intraregional exchange 231
literacy 634
palaces 317
pastoralism 161–2
plastered skulls 128–9
public buildings 317–18
Classical Attic pottery 63
coinage
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Persian period 848–9
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Israel 849
Persia 112
Common Orange Ware 695
craft production
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cyprus 361–2
Jordan 247
Lebanese-Syrian coast 219
TOPICS
and prestige items 164
CRM (Cultural Resource Management), Jordan 41
cult objects 322
cultural hybridity xxvi–xxvii
Cultural Resource Management (CRM), Jordan 41
Curvers, Hans 610
Cypriot Base Ring Ware 56
Cypriot Ceramic Neolithic 50
Cypro-Archaic period 60
Cypro-Classical period 61
Cypro-DFBW (Dark-Faced Burnished Ware) 194
Cyprus 14, 41, 276
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Epipaleolithic 186–7
Neolithic 50, 183–95
11th millennium BC: 186–7
10th millennium BC: 187–8
8th/9th millennia BC: 188–91
7th/6th millennia BC: 191–2
5th millennium BC: 193–5
sites map 184
Chalcolithic 52, 55–6, 252–63
early Chalcolithic 253–5
middle Chalcolithic 255–61
late Chalcolithic 261–3
periodization 252–3
politics and research 206
sites map 253
Early Bronze Age 357–8, 359, 361–2, 363
archaeological record 356
origins 355
regional demography 356–7
regional interaction 359–61
sites map 354
up to Late Bronze Age 55–6
Iron Age through Persian period 795–816
Cypro-Archaic period 805–6
Cypro-Classical period 814–15
Kyprioi 816
Persian rule 812–13
research problems 796–7
sites map 796
territorial fragmentation 799–801
TOPICS
Amarna letters and 583
antiquities laws 39
and Assyria 805–6
birthing symbolism 258
burial practices 190, 192, 193, 256–7, 258–9, 262, 362–4, 486–7, 487, 580, 583–4, 587, 667–8, 800–1, 806, 815
Ceramic Neolithic 50
chronology 61–3
Cyprus Expedition chronological scheme 46
economy 489
and Egypt 73
farming 361
foreign/intra-island contacts 263
geography of 14–5
inscriptions 799
ivory objects 583
Kyrenia ship 41
material culture 361–2
palaces 810
personal ornaments 359
post-Makarios era excavations 41
prestige goods 583
and Ptolemy 815–16
stone tool technology 189
syllabary 813–14
UNESCO condemnation of 41
written documents 581
Cyprus Exploration Fund 35
Dan, Israel 737
Darius III: 118–19
Dark-Faced Burnished Ware (Cypro-DFBW) 194
Dhali, Cyprus 194
digital photography 41
Diodorus 117
Dja’de al-Mughara, Syria 135–6
Dur-Katlimmu, Syria 835
Dura-Europos, Syria 38
Early Bronze Age 50–2
Early Bronze Age 50–2, 269–76
early urbanism 270–3
middle urbanism 273–5
late urbanism 275–6
social stratification 273–4
Early Bronze Age II: 338–9
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cisjordan 307–22
Early Bronze Age I: 307–13
Early Bronze Age II–III: 313–22
collapse of Early Bronze Age civilization 322
Cyprus 353–64
archaeological record 356
chronology/terminology 353–5
foreign influences 364
household and community 357–9
origins 355
regional demography 356–7
regional interaction 359–61
religious organization, ritual and burial practices 362–4
resource acquisition, production and distribution 361–2
Jordan 330–48
Early Bronze Age I: 334–8
Early Bronze Age II: 338–9
Early Bronze Age III: 339–43
post-Early Bronze Age III collapse 343–4
Early Bronze Age IV: 344
Judah 272
Syria 274, 278–89, 781
chronology 278–80
Early Bronze Age I–II: 280
Early Bronze Age III: 280–3
Early Bronze Age IV: 283–9
geography 278
sites map 279
TOPICS
craft specialization 361–2
farming 361
faunal remains 303
foreign influences 364
metal technology 344
palaces 317
social stratification 273–4
(p. 863)
Early Transcaucasian Ware, see Khirbet Kerak Ware
Ebla tablets 284–5
Echmoun, see Eshmun
Edom
Iron Age II: 782–92
burial practices 787
casemate system 788
chronology 784–5
and foreign imperial powers 791–2
mountain sites 789
ostraca 784
political structure 785–7
radiocarbon dating 785
religion 791
settlements 787–9
sites map 783
sources 782–4
Babylonian period 833–4
Edomite language 30
Egypt
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I: 69–71
Iron Age IA: 78–84
Persian period 84–5
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
and Cyprus 73
and Levant 69–85
and Palestine 321
and Syria 284
and Transjordan 572–4
TOPICS
bullae 628
Canaanite Combed Ware 72
18th Dynasty 57
Red Polished pottery 69–71
seals 71
ship-building 71
Egypt Exploration Fund, UK 35
Egyptian Medium Ware 72
‘Ein Gedi, Cisjordan 233
electrum objects 230
Elephantine, Egypt material 31
Ephraim, Israel 733
Epipaleolithic period 186–7
Eretz Israel 40
Erimi, Cyprus 185
Evagoras of Salamis 117
Faegersten, Fanni 809
Falconer, Steven E. 333
Famagusta, Cyprus 38
farming
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Akkadian Empire 371–2
Cyprus 361
Judah 19
Syria 136–7
TOPICS
cereal production 371–2
cultivation 152–3
Mediterranean zone sites 161
milking 163
see also subsistence economy
faunal remains
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age II: 753
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Israel 753
Jordan 247
figurative arts: Persian period 846–7
figurines
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age 753
Iron Age through Persian period 807
Persian period 847
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Judah 753
Philistia 725
TOPICS
metal 518
pillar figurines 753
Fine Ware 712
Finkbeiner, Uwe 610
Fisher, Clarence S. 38
‘Flame and Frond’ group 691
flint tools 124, 126
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Egypt 71
Judea 270
funerary art 693
Gal, Zvi 733
Garstang, John 37
geographic information systems 41
Gilboa, Ayelet 48
Gilead, Isaac 226
Gjerstad, Einar 39
glass objects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Persian period 848
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Lebanon 529
Palestine 679
Syria 517
global positioning systems 41
Gobekli Tepe, Turkey 129
Gonen, Rivka 543
grave goods
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age II: 709–10
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Israel 163
Jordan 339
Transjordan 571–2
TOPICS
Souskiou complex 258–9
Tyre necropolis 709–10
Great Harris Papyrus 78–9
Great Revolt of Satraps 116
Grigson, Caroline 226
Gubla, see Byblos
Guilaine, Jean 191
Guzana, see Tell Halaf
Hadad-ezer 686
Hagdud truncations 154
Halab, see Aleppo
Halaf painted pottery 142
Halula, Syria 135–7
Harran Inscription 833
Harrison, Timothy J. 334
Hatti, see Hittites
Haza’el, King 691–2
Hebrew language 29–30
Herr, Larry G. 766
heterarchy, see kinship
Hittite Annals 76
Hongo, Hitomi 191
Horbat Rosh Zayit 713
Hübner, Ulrich 789
hunting
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Lebanon 303
Mesopotamia 98
Sinai 159
TOPICS
hunter-fishers 184
Idumaea 118
Ingholt, Harald 39
inscriptions
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Late Bronze Age 76
Persian period 107
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Israel 752
Syria 616
TOPICS
Babylonian 99
‘Bet David’ Aramaic inscription 752
Esarhaddon inscription 806
Harran Inscription of Nabonidus 833
Khu-Sobek inscription 459
Mit Rahina 73
Moabite Stone 36
Onasicharis inscription 799
Phoenician 28–9
Proto-Canaanite 634
Samian 115
Siloam Inscription 36
Intermediate Bronze Age 52–3, 276
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Mesopotamia 371–4
northern Levant 367–79
southern Levant 388–98
Syria 375–6
TOPICS
9.15 kya BP 377–8
Akkadian Empire 371–4
burial sites 396
economy 394–5
Euphrates River 374
farming 375
kinship 395
Khabur Plains post-Akkadian settlements 373–4
Orontes River 376–7
religion 396
society 395–6
standing stones 396
trade 395
transformation models 396–8
‘Iraq ed-Dubb, Transjordan 171
Irbid, Jordan 468–9
Iron Age 58–61
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Judah 19
Philistia 18
Transjordan 30
TOPICS
burial practices 612–13
economy 610–11
epigraphic corpora 30
excavations 607–10
farming 19
Kingdom of Aram-Damascus 13
languages 28–32
letters 29–30
plaster/wall texts 30
seals 30
society 610–11
surveys 607–10
temples 615–16
Iron Age I: 59
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cisjordan 624–44
central hill country/foothills 641–4
chronology 626–8
Galilee region 640–1
northern valleys and coast 630–5
population 643–4
sites map 625
southern coast/northern Negev 635–9
Cyprus 660–71
13th-century crisis 661
chronology 661–2
polities 662–3
sites map 662
urban states 664–5
Transjordan 649–58
biblical sources and 649–50
Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition 650–4
sites map 651
TOPICS
biblical references 649–50
cult practices 668
cult sites 643
sanctuaries 666
standing stones 640
stelae 618
(p. 868)
Iron Age II: 60–1, 77–81, 660
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Ammon 757–67
chronology 758
geography 757–8
Iron Age IIA–B: 760–4
Iron Age IIC: 764–6
Persian period 766–7
research 758
sites map 759
Edom 782–92
chronology 784–5
and foreign imperial powers 791–2
mountain sites 789
political structure 785–7
sites map 783
sources 782–4
Israel 730–40, 753
in biblical narrative 730
chronology 731–2
cultural/commercial interconnections 738
Iron Age IIC: 738–40
as political entity 730–1
regional kingdoms 734–6
sites map 732
territorial definition 731
Judah 743–54
geography 743
Iron Age IIA: 745–7
Iron Age IIB: 747–9
Iron Age IIC: 749–50
political structure 747
population 748–9
post-Sennacherib 750–1
sites map 744
Lebanon 713–14
Philistia 681, 717–27
chronology 719
destruction 722
historical sources 717–20
Iron Age IIA: 720–1
Iron Age IIB: 721–2
Iron Age IIC: 722
sites map 718
TOPICS
faunal remains 753
glass objects 679
grave goods 709–10
literacy 752
pottery 679, 694–7, 696, 698, 708, 708–9, 735, 736, 745 n. 1, 750, 760–1, 765, 776–7, 777, 778, 784–5, 789–90, 790
radiocarbon dating 785
Sela relief 792
water systems 747–8
writing 752
Iron Age II–III:
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Aramean states 683–99
deculturation 697–9
Iron Age I/II transition 685–7
Iron Age IIA: 688–92
Iron Age IIB: 692–4
sites map 684
TOPICS
glass objects 691
Hittites 683–4
irrigation systems, see water systems
isotope studies 129–30
Israel
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Chalcolithic 204–5
Babylonian period 827–9
TOPICS
architecture 828
Assyrian Empire and 737–40
biblical references 730–1
burial practices 156
burial sites 829
coinage 849
cultural/commercial interconnections 738
Eretz Israel 40
faunal remains 753
grave goods 163
ivory objects 738
ostraca 738
as political entity 730–1
politics and research 204–5
regional kingdoms 734–6
territorial definition 731
Israel Stele 96
ivory objects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cyprus 583
Israel 738
Lebanon 534
TOPICS
hippopotamus 502
‘Izbet Sartah, Cisjordan 642–3
Jamous, Lebanon 437
Jbail, see Byblos
Jebel Abu Thawwab, Transjordan 178
Jerusalem scheme 44–5
Jezreel Valley 17
Joffe, Alexander H. 271
Jordan
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Persian period 845
Babylonian period 832–4
TOPICS
art 243
basketry 244
cave sites 241
Central Jordan Uplands 469–71
craft specialization 247
CRM (Cultural Resource Management) 41
cult sites 129
faunal remains 247
fortifications 341
grave goods 339
kinship 346–7
North Jordan Uplands 468–9
pastoralism 238
shrines/cult objects 243–6
subsistence economy 246–7
temples 473–5
tools/objects of daily life 241–3
tumuli graves 845
Judah 18
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Early Bronze Age 272
Iron Age II: 743–54
Iron Age IIA: 745–7
Iron Age IIB: 747–9
Iron Age IIC: 749–50
political structure 747
sites map 744
TOPICS
and Assyria 749
bullae 752
burial practices 748
burial sites 829
economy 752
farming 19
figurines 753
geography 743
literacy 752
material culture 752–4
ostraca 752
population 748–9
post-Sennacherib 750–1
settlements 745–6
temples 753
water systems 747–8
writing 752
Kafafi, Zeidan 205
Kafer Garra 218
Kamed/Kamid el-Loz, Lebanon
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age 612
TOPICS
architecture 438
burial practices 527–8
foreign contacts 532–5
fortifications 527
pottery 612
settlements 528–9
Katzev, Michael and Susan 41
Kazel, Lebanon 437
Kerner, Susanne 242
Keswani, Priscilla 486–7
Kfar Menahem, Philistia 721
Kfar Samir, Cisjordan 225
Khirbat ‘Ataruz, Moab 775
Khirbet al-Mudayna al-Mu‘arraja (Mu‘arraja), Transjordan 657
Khirbet ed Dabab, Syria 280
Khirbet Fahl, Jordan Valley 466–8
Khirokitia Culture 50
Khu-Sobek inscription 459
Kingdom of Aram-Damascus 13
Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) 15–6
Kissonerga, see Mylouthkia
Kitchen, Kenneth A. 82
Kition horizon 708–9
Kohlmeyer, Kay 616
Kommos, Crete 714
Kouklia horizon 708
Kourion, Cyprus 38–9
Krac des Chevaliers, Syria 38
Kurkh Monolith 100
Kvish Harif, Cisjordan 160
Kyle, Melvin Grove 38
LaBianca, Øystein S. 334
Lachish Letters 39
Lachish Ostracon III: 84
Landes, George M. 765
languages
Lankester, Gerald 37
Larnaca Lowlands 15
Late Bronze Age 56–8, 497–505
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
TOPICS
Akkadian languages 504
bakeries 64
cuneiform texts 12
Egypt and 547–8
fortifications 526–7
Hittites 536–7
periodization 542
seals 517–18
social structures 600–1
written documents 581
Lauffray, Jean 298
Le Brun, Alain 192
Lebanese Civil War 40–1
Lebanese-Syrian coast 212–20
chronological/archaeological data 212–14
craft specialization 219
economic development 219–20
sites, spatial organization of 214
sites map 213
social organization 218–19
Lebanon 13
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Late Bronze Age 527–36
Persian period 844
Babylonian period 834–5
TOPICS
burial practices 214, 216, 217, 218–19, 296, 300–1, 407, 441, 442, 444–5, 527–8, 529, 612–13, 709–10
economy 301–3
foreign contacts 532–5
fortifications 527
fresco paintings 439
glass objects 529
hunting 303
inscriptions 28–9
ivory objects 534
material culture 443
projectile points 173
radiocarbon dates 295
Shepherd Neolithic 303
society 301–3
stone vessels 71
tool assemblages 302–3
see also Phoenicia; Transjordan
Lebeau, Marc 53
Lehun, see Khirbat al-Lahun, Transjordan
Levantine Painted Ware 54
Levy, Thomas E. 226
libraries, Syria 40
Lodian culture 49
lost wax casting 229
Lu‘ash School 692
Maa-Palaeokastro, Cyprus 664–5
McFadden, George 38–9
magnetometry 41
Mahadu (Minet el-Beida) 12
Mallowan, Sir Max 37
Manning, Sturt W. 258
Marash, Gurgum 693
Marfoe, Leon 528–9
Masada, Israel 40
matting 158
Mazar, Amihai 745
Mazar, Transjordan 657
Mazzoni, Stefania 616
Megaw, Peter 37
Megiddo, Cisjordan 828
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Early Bronze Age 317
TOPICS
Oriental Institute excavations 38
palaces 317
University of Chicago excavations 38
Merenptah 570
Mesopotamian Chronicles 99
metal technologies 203
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition 601
Iron Age II: 691
Iron Age through Persian period 799
Persian period 848
(p. 874)
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Aramean states 691
Lebanese-Syrian coast 219–20
Lebanon 443
TOPICS
bowls 54
bronze objects 691
fish hooks 220
Metallic Ware 283
Middle Bronze Age 53–5
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cisjordan 451–62
Middle Bronze Age I: 453–9
Middle Bronze Age II–III: 459–62
sites map 454
terminology 453
theoretical approaches 451–3
Levant 403–11
Middle Bronze Age I: rise of Amorite kingdoms 404–7
Middle Bronze Age II: Amorite rule and Amorite koiné 407–10
Middle Bronze Age III: pax Amoritica 410–11
Philistia 408
southern Levant 407
TOPICS
craft specialization 430
cult practices 426
faunal remains 442
glass objects 429
migration 274–5
Mishrifeh, see Qatna
Mittani Common Style 518
Mittani Elaborate Style 518
Mittani people 520
Moab 20, 104, 118
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Iron Age I: 657
TOPICS
architecture 773
Assyria and 779
biblical narrative 770
casemate system 773
destruction of 833
geography 770–2
political structure 777–9
religion 774–6
seals 770–1
settlements 772–4
standing stones 776
Moabite language 30
Moabite Stone 36
mosaics 38
Mount Gerizim 844
Mu‘arraja (Khirbet al-Mudayna al-Mu‘arraja), Transjordan 657
Mudaybi, Moab 774
Mureybet, Syria 135
Myc III Ware, see Philistine Monochrome Ware
Mycenaean pottery 56, 597 n. 2, 598, 627
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Egypt 36
Syria 517
TOPICS
in Uluburun shipwreck 58
Mylouthkia (Kissonerga), Cyprus
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
architecture 255–6
Pithos House 262
pottery 193
social inequalities 261
wall-and-ditch 254
wells 188–9
Nabatean kingdom 40
Nabonidus Chronicle 105
Nabopolassar 104
Nahal Issaron, Cisjordan 160
Najjar, Muhammad 766
National Museum, Damascus 38
nautical archaeology 41
Neo-Assyrian period 100
Neolithic period 48–50, 123–31
Pre-Pottery Neolithic 49, 50, 124, 125–30, 135–7, 152, 154, 154, 157, 158–9, 160, 176–7, 178, 187–8, 189
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Middle Euphrates 135–7
northern Levant 134–45
southern Levant 156
TOPICS
chronology 126–7
history of research 124–5
Khirotikia Culture 50
lithic industry 144
Lodian/Jericho IX culture 159
Mediterranean zone sites 159–61
pastoralism 161–2
prestige goods 158–9
Nergal-erish, Assyrian governor 694
New Salamis, Cyprus 667
Nicosia, Cyprus 38
Nimrud Prism 83
Northern Metallic Ware 319–20
Old Salamis, Cyprus 667
Oppenheim, Baron Max von 37
palaces
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Intermediate Bronze Age 372–3
Iron Age through Persian period 810
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Akkadian Empire 372–3
Assyria 100
Cyprus 810
Jordan 340
Palestine Exploration Society, USA 35
Palestinian languages 27
Palestinian Territories 204–5
Papyrus Rylands IX: 84
Pattina (Aramean state) 684
Pella, Jordan Valley
Peripheral Akkadian 27
Persia, Achaemenid 107–19
Persian period 61–3, 84–5, 841–9
Ammon 766–7
architecture 844–5
burial practices 845–6
chronology 841–2
excavations/surveys 842
inscriptions 107
material culture 846–8
settlements 843
sites map 842
temples 844
Philia, Cyprus 194
Philip, Graham 333
Philistia 639
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Middle Bronze Age 408
Iron Age II: 681, 717–27
chronology 719
economy 722
historical sources 717–20
Iron Age IIA: 720–1
Iron Age IIB: 721–2
Iron Age IIC: 722
sites map 718
Babylonian period 829–32
TOPICS
burial practices 725–6
city-states 18
figurines 725
religion 725
settlements 408
Phoenicia 571
Iron Age II: 706–14
Assyrians and 714
biblical references 711–12
Cyprus and 713
foreign trade/colonialism 713–14
settlements 712
sites map 707
territorial expansion 711–13
see also Lebanon; Transjordan
phytolith analysis 129–30
piracy 94
Plain White Wheelmade Ware 503
Poidebard, Antoine 38
Porter, Benjamin W. 787
pottery
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Late Bronze Age 498–9, 502–3, 515, 516, 516–17, 517, 550–2, 551, 563–4, 565, 578, 578–9, 582–3, 586–7
Iron Age 611–12, 612, 616, 617, 803
Iron Age through Persian period 802–5
Persian period 846
Babylonian period 836
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
(p. 878)
Cisjordan 162, 228, 311, 319–20, 455–8, 457, 460–2, 461, 550–2, 551, 627–8, 633, 636, 640, 643, 643, 803
northern Levant 142–3
TOPICS
coil-made 161
Uruk culture 280
Prism A: 83
Proto-Base Ring Ware 477
Proto-White Slip Ware 477
Ptolemy 815–16
public archaeology 41–2
Puhurru, Egyptian administrator 538
Punic language 29
Pyla-Kokkinokremos, Cyprus 664–5
Pyrgos, Cyprus 485–6
Qatifian culture 49
Qedar 118
Qurayyat al-Mansur, Edom 789
Rabbah-Ammon 764
radiocarbon dating 41
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Neolithic 127
Middle Bronze Age 54
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cyprus 252
Edom 785
radiometry 45
Ramesses II: 570
Ramesses III: 618
Ras en-Naqab survey 238
Ras Ibn Hani, Syria 513
Ras Shamra, see Ugarit
Red-Black Burnished Ware, see Khirbet Kerak Ware
Red Lustrous Ware 582
Red-on-Red Ware 491
Red Polished Ware, Egypt 69–71
Redford, Donald B. 74
Reisner, George 37
religion
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Chalcolithic 234
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Edom 791
Moab 774–6
Philistia 725
southern Levant 396
Syria 141
TOPICS
art, and birth of 128–9
cult centres 129
subterranean buildings 136
Reyes, A. T. 809
Richard, Suzanne 397
ritual texts 27
Robinson, Edward 36
Rockefeller, John D. 38
Saaideh, Lebanon 139
Sa‘adiyya, Transjordan, see Sa‘idiyya/Sa‘idiyeh, Transjordan
Saghieh, Muntaha 298
Sahem, Transjordan 571–2
Sakçagözü, Turkey 693
Sakka, Syria 422
Salamis horizon 708
salvage archaeology 41
Sam‘alian language 31
Samaria Ostraca 39
Samarra painted pottery 142
Samos inscriptions 115
sanctuaries
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Neolithic 153
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Transjordan 573
TOPICS
Sapin, Jean 613
Satire of Trades 73
Schaeffer, Claude 39
Schreiber, Nicola 804–5
Sela relief 792
Sethos I: 568–70
settlements 193
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Intermediate Bronze Age 373–4
Persian period 843
Babylonian period 828
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Akkadian Empire 373–4
Edom 787–9
Judah 745–6
Moab 772–4
Philistia 408
Phoenicia 712
Seyrig, Henri Arnold 37
Shamash-shum-ukin 103
Shamshi-Adad V: 101
Shaqarat Mazyad, Transjordan 174
Sharon, Ilan 48
Shasu people 650
Shechem, Cisjordan 641
Shepherd Neolithic 303
Sherratt, E. Susan 586
Shiloh, Cisjordan 643
ship-building 71
Sidon, Lebanon 13
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Persian period 845
TOPICS
Alexander Sarcophagus 37–8
faunal remains 303
foreign contacts 445
settlements 216
Siloam Inscription 36
silver objects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Judah 752
Philistia 722
TOPICS
Simple Ware 281
Sinda, Cyprus 665–6
small finds
Persian period 847–8
Society of Biblical Archaeology, UK 35
Solar Shrine, Judah 844
Soleb list 572
Solomon’s Temple 753
South, Alison 798
Standard Epic of Gilgamesh 13
Steiner, Margreet L. 772
stelae
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Late Bronze Age 572–3
Iron Age I: 618
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Transjordan 572–3
TOPICS
Amunemwia before Osiris 81
of Antakya 692
of Esarhaddon 697
Kamose Stelae 74
Mesha Stele 752
of Pazarcik 692
Sargon II stele 805–6
Tel Dan Stele 734
Stewart, J. R. 353
stone masks 158
Stone Slab 101
Story of Sinuhe 446
stratigraphy 36
Sukenik, Eleazar 38
Syria 40
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Early Bronze Age 274, 278–89
chronology 278–80
Early Bronze Age I–II: 280
Early Bronze Age III: 280–3
Early Bronze Age IV: 283–9
sites map 279
Intermediate Bronze Age 375
Iron Age 613–18
TOPICS
craft specialization 430
cult practices 426
economy 615–16
and Egypt 284
fresco paintings 38
geography 278
glass objects 517
Hittite military intervention 91–2
society 615–16
Syro-Palestinian literary traditions 27
temples 615–16
urbanism 283–4
Yale University excavations 38
see also Ugarit
Syrian Levantine Painted Ware 445
Tall Dab‘a (Avaris) 92
Tall Jawa, Ammon 762
Tchernov, Eitan 191
Tel Abu Hawam, Cisjordan 632
Tel Beit Mirsim, Judah 751
Tel Beth Yerah 316
Tel Dan Stele 734
Tel Haror, Philistia 721
Tel Masos, Cisjordan 639
Tel Safi, Philistia see Gath
Tel Sera‘, Philistia 721
Tell Abu Danne, Aramean states 685
Tell Abu Hawam, Phoenicia 712
Tell Abu Matar, Cisjordan 224
Tell Acharneh, Syria 422
Tell Afis Archaeological Project 613
Tell ‘Ain Dara, Syria 686
Tell al-Rimah stele 101
Tell al-‘Umayri, Transjordan, see ‘Umayri, Transjordan
Tell el-Amarna, Egypt 36
Tell el-Dab‘a, see Tall Dab‘a (Avaris)
Tell el-Far‘ah, Cisjordan 639
Tell el-ʿUmeiri, Jordan, see ‘Umayri, Transjordan
Tell en-Nasbeh, Israel 830
Tell es-Safi, Philistia, see Gath
Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh, Transjordan, see Sa‘idiyya/Sa‘idiyeh, Transjordan
Tell Jemmeh, Philistia 721
Tell Kabri, Israel 837
Tell Kazel, Syria 686
Tell Leilan Region survey 372
Tell Magass, Transjordan 238
Tell Mardikh, see Ebla
Tell Nimrin, Jordan Valley 468
Tell Sheikh Hassan 135
Tell Sukas 618
Tell Tweini, Syria 686
temples
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Persian period 844
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Aramean states 690–1
Egypt 78–9
Judah 753
Philistia 638
Transjordan 571
TOPICS
Egyptian influences on 77–8
marble bull protome 113
Tepe Gawra, Mesopotamia 71
Thalmann, Jean-Paul 442
tools
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Epipaleolithic 187
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
Cyprus 187
Israel 158
Transjordan 178
TOPICS
copper 71
trade
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
Neolithic 155
Chalcolithic 231
Intermediate Bronze Age 395
MODERN COUNTRIES, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS and ANCIENT TERRITORIES
TOPICS
Transjordan
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
bakeries 564
Balaam Inscription 764
burial sites 571
epigraphic corpora 30
foreign influences 338
grave goods 571–2
interconnectivity 334
Khirbet Kerak Ware 281
material culture 470
metal technology 657
Tufnell, Olga 60
Tuqan, Syria 422
Ugarit, Syria 12, 26
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS
TOPICS
Anatolia and 92–3
breakdown of Levantine economic/political systems 95–6
Egyptian statues 73
excavations at 39
fall of 59
under Hittite overlordship 92–3
and interregional trade 91
jar burials 218
Khirbet Kerak Ware 281
metal technology 515–16
palaces 513
prestige objects 518–19
stone assemblages 515
tin trade 91