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date: 17 April 2021

(p. 1229) Subject Index

(p. 1229) Subject Index

Introductory Note

References such as ‘178–9’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into sub-topics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about ‘expertise’, the use of this term (and certain others which occur constantly throughout the book) as an entry point has been minimised. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics.

10,000 hour rule 485, 927
abductive reasoning 205, 623
ability 12–13, 109, 119–20, 228–30, 245–8, 262–5, 582–6, 610–12, 780–3, 903–4, 984–6, 1061–4, 1199–201
decision-making 771, 777
groups 69, 576
mental 6, 68, 993, 1058, 1062–4, 1094
musical 574–6, 579–80
psychomotor 670, 672
spatial 676, 680, 1073
abridged introspective method 398
abridged retrospective method 399
abstraction 182, 186, 383, 385, 387, 623–4, 983, 987
hierarchy 185, 187, 451–5, 462
mental 182–3
upward 436, 447
academies 300–301, 486, 766, 771, 993
accelerated expertise 767, 826, 930, 932, 940, 1184
acceleration 955, 957, 964, 967, 970, 1184
expertise 24, 485, 955, 965
accidents 664, 668–70, 690, 693, 695, 1111–12, 1115–16, 1118, 1123–4
nuclear 859
accommodation 177, 179–80, 1062
accountability 412, 822–3, 909, 917, 970, 1034
accountants 221, 416, 1061, 1064, 1182
accreditations 1142–3
accuracy 152–3, 272–3, 279–80, 397–8, 651–2, 676, 835, 1168, 1176–7, 1182–3
anticipation 605, 609
diagnostic 632, 634
levels 603
predictions 600, 777
recall 434, 448
scores 606, 609
shooting 771, 779
ACM (applied concept mapping) 473, 475–6, 478, 481, 483–5, 487
ACPT (American Crossword Puzzle Tournament) 556, 566–8
acquired knowledge 625, 1042, 1061, 1096
formally 625
informally 625
acquired skills 180, 277, 1093
acquisition
cognitive skills 18, 20, 313–14, 316, 1206
expert performance 114, 626
expertise 15–16, 74, 130–2, 142, 334, 343, 345, 347
interventions 1095–6
knowledge 271, 318–19, 878, 965, 1065, 1076
phase 1087, 1089–90
psychomotor skill 932, 937
(p. 1230) ACTA (applied cognitive task analysis) 743, 1044
action scripts 985
action sequences 459, 595–6, 600
action tendencies 605, 609, 611
activity theory 415, 420–1
Actormap 369
actors 86, 90, 193, 220–3, 226–38, 369, 773–4
interacting 220, 227, 234–5
in sociotechnical systems 221–2, 228–9
ACT-R 155, 175, 338–44, 350, 498, 1207
adaptability 225–6, 774–5, 778, 781, 802, 854, 856, 1096–7
adaptation 135, 139, 209, 225–7, 229–30, 237, 245–6, 280, 386, 652–3, 1044–5, 1195–7, 1201–2
cognitive 213, 1207–8
local 1123–4
skilled 1045, 1136, 1196
in the workplace 223–6
adaptations, sensorimotor 139–40
adaptive capability 1112, 1196, 1199, 1204
adaptive capacities 387, 1110, 1112, 1203
adaptive control
model 179–82
system 16, 178–9
adaptive expertise 13, 17, 200, 262–80, 652–3, 767–8, 854–5, 859
attitudes 274, 279
definition 262–9
development in informal settings 269–71
measuring 271–4
and related concepts 267–9
teaching for 275–9
adaptive experts 17, 263–5, 267–9, 272–3, 279, 783–4
adaptive flexibility 952, 955, 957
adaptive performance 953, 963, 965–6, 970–1, 1098, 1102
adaptive readiness 24, 959, 963, 965–6, 968, 970–1
adaptive replanning 10, 196, 387, 1197
adaptive responses 24, 498, 953–4, 956, 966, 972
adaptive skill 952–6, 959, 962, 965–7, 970–2, 1195–7, 1199–200, 1202–3
deliberate practice and acceleration in fostering 964–71
development 968, 1204
expertise as 1195–9
framework 24, 955, 962
adaptive strategies 881, 1072, 1111
adaptive systems 175, 179, 263, 915, 1122
adaptive toolbox 154–5, 165, 167
adaptive worldview 957–9, 962–3, 967, 969
adaptiveness 797, 953, 1113
adaptivity 13, 1196, 1204
ad-hoc teams 1002, 1012
administration 318, 320, 630, 722, 1141
administrators 918, 937, 1141
adolescence 111, 133, 570
adulthood 64, 1058, 1060
adults 25, 42, 60, 105, 1061, 1064
advanced beginners 245, 313–16, 319, 323, 885, 1059
adversaries 721, 724–5, 731, 982, 985, 987, 1132, 1135
adversity 1110, 1197
advocacy 722, 1024
groups 370, 1147
affiliation 1, 35, 56, 85, 765, 770
affordances 175–6, 178, 244–53, 347–8, 742, 758
AFQT (Armed Forces Qualification Test) 58, 68–71, 74
after-action review 794, 1099
age 104–6, 112–13, 131, 133, 569, 585–6, 1060–1, 1063–9, 1073, 1075–6
differences 42, 1064–76
and expertise 513, 576, 1064, 1073, 1076
of peak performance 1064, 1068
agents 16, 184–6, 253, 340, 1109, 1123–5
external 227, 960, 1045
age-related differences 1063, 1066–7, 1075
age-related variance 1070–1
age-vulnerable abilities 1066, 1075
aggression 513, 768
aging 25, 1062–3
and expertise 1061–74
aging populations 11, 1058–76
Air Force 674, 679, 793–4, 883–6, 929
air traffic control (ATC) 66, 341, 343, 662, 665, 669, 672, 675–6, 1071–2, 1074
airspace 665–7, 672, 680
air-to-air combat 793–4
alarms 743, 1111, 1158
false 726, 730
alerts 710, 726–7, 731–2
positive 726
algorithms 112, 165, 223, 229, 252, 1179–80
all-source analysis 979–80
altitude 341, 664–5, 667–8, 670
required 438–9
amateurs 37, 39, 46, 303, 1141
ambiguity 176–7, 458–9, 464, 1027, 1034, 1146, 1162, 1166
ambiguous situations 985, 1162, 1167, 1174, 1206
American Crossword Puzzle Tournament, see ACPT
American Psychological Association 766–7
anagrams 61, 552, 561–3, 570
analogical problem solving 264, 855
analogical reasoning 532
analysis 265, 324, 355–9, 361–4, 372–4, 435–7, 451–4, 482–3, 743–6, 749–51, 753–6, 775–7, 988–91
boundaries 357–8
control tasks 452–3
decompositional 435–7
discourse 414–15
functions 356–7, 362, 373–4
integrative 437–9, 447–8
intelligence, see intelligence, analysis
latent curve 1087, 1091
qualitative 324, 414, 447, 1122
social organizational 453–4
sociological 90, 1169, 1171
statistical 36, 51, 69, 334–6, 532, 1167
strategies 451–3, 458–63, 465
task 18, 338–9, 342, 349, 394, 396–7
video 931, 933
work domain 451–3, 465
worker competency 454, 461–2
analysts 25, 354–5, 358, 435–6, 452–4, 731, 740–4, 746–59, 979–83, 986, 989–93
competencies 979, 989
performance 742, 977, 981–2
reasoning 25, 990
senior 472, 979, 990
analytic(al) methods/techniques 338, 392, 399, 472, 991–3, 1166–8
analytical processes 454, 728, 740, 991
analytical skills 303, 980
anecdotal evidence 158–9
anesthesiologists 433–4
anger 503, 512–13
annotation, video 933–4
anomalies 198–9, 201, 432–3, 726, 834, 984–5, 1123, 1197–8, 1202, 1204
potential 199, 726
anonymity 694, 769
anthropology 21, 530, 878
antibiotics 411, 419
anticipation 595, 597–606, 608–12, 697, 699–700, 777, 783
accuracy 605, 609
effective 604, 611
schematic 386–7
skilled 594–612
in sport 605, 609, 611, 783
superior 595, 599, 601
anticipatory behavior 598, 602, 610, 612, 699
anticipatory judgments 603–4, 609
anticipatory thinking 1159, 1168
anxiety 396, 492–3, 499–501, 503–9, 512–14, 770, 776
detrimental effects 506–7
high 504, 508, 703
symptoms 508–9
applied cognitive task analysis, see ACTA
applied concept mapping, see ACM
applied contexts 346, 636, 1094
applied research 50–1, 295, 443, 494, 855, 865–6
appraisals 491–2, 494, 496, 503, 767, 1142
apprentices 485, 757, 978, 1025, 1042–3, 1163
junior 730, 1042
(p. 1232) apprenticeships 766, 880, 931, 1024, 1046, 1171
cognitive 252, 540, 1046
appropriateness 273, 434, 534, 1200
aptitudes 59, 110, 132, 330, 722, 1097
architecture 112, 163, 338–9, 344, 650, 1073
cognitive 155, 334, 338–9, 341, 344, 350
social 919
argumentation 908, 910, 912, 915, 919, 921, 993
skills 24, 539
armed and unarmed use-of-force tactics 781
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, see ASVAB
arousal 497, 502, 509
sympathetic 498, 504
artifacts 251, 253, 482–3, 631–2, 635, 741
artificial intelligence 38, 1161, 1175, 1177, 1179, 1181
assertions 197, 200, 205–6, 754, 1164, 1168, 1177
assessment 201–2, 204–5, 271–2, 312–13, 317–18, 328–30, 433–4, 541, 643, 645–6, 648, 650–1, 860–1
formal 858
gifted 105, 120
objective 301, 328, 643
reacquisition 1091, 1094
risk 356, 855, 857, 1120, 1123, 1125
subjective 646, 652, 797
threat 728, 780
tools 320, 326–7, 329–30
updated 1136, 1199
associationism 383, 386–7, 390
associations
cue-based 651, 653–4
semantic 554, 556, 570
astronauts 831–3, 836–9, 841–5
astronomy 401, 718, 1169
ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) 59, 68
athletes 508, 510, 595–6, 599–600, 605, 610–11, 928, 930, 1035–6, 1044–5
elite 508, 1067
expert 63, 298, 598, 611, 932, 937
less-skilled 596, 599
skilled 598–9, 601–2, 612, 937
attack patterns 304, 732
attainment of expertise 2, 13, 25, 109, 1001–3, 1095
attention
management 191, 480, 703
selective 178, 649, 941
attentional control 58, 73–4, 77, 497, 507
attentional focus 393, 508
attentional resources 67, 137, 493, 498, 1067
attentional skills 1066, 1068
attrition 558, 1092
attunement 175, 177–8, 181, 962, 1059, 1204
cognitive 963–4
audit, knowledge 19, 432–3, 441, 444–5, 883
auditory regions 129–30, 133, 140
augmented reality (AR) 755, 935, 1203
Australia 358, 363–4, 369–70, 690, 692–3, 695
automated agents 221–2
automated systems 1178, 1181
automatic processing 136, 1066
automaticity 44, 671, 1059, 1065, 1090, 1096
autonomy 166, 223, 1145, 1147, 1177, 1179
aviation 73, 77, 305, 341, 662–82, 1060, 1063, 1074–5
commercial 221–2, 341, 668–9
defining expertise 663
domain general models 66–7
expertise 670–81
skills, non-technical 680–1
tasks 22, 664–70, 672, 678
aviation professionals 22, 667–8
backward search 42, 46
balance 7, 13, 116, 227, 237, 412
ball flight 248–9, 304, 596, 603, 605–8, 937
banks 166, 664, 811, 822–3, 1134
basal ganglia 129–30
baseball 298, 303, 596, 609, 1060, 1067
basketball 507–8, 599
shooting 508, 510
battlefield experience 799
Bayesian statistics 346, 1166–7
(p. 1233) beginners 39, 41, 44, 60
advanced 245, 313–16, 319, 323, 885, 1059
behavioral models 155, 161, 163
behavioral repertoires 230–2, 234–5, 237–8
behaviorism 19, 378–9, 383–5, 393
beliefs 274, 746, 754, 1164, 1174, 1178
benchmarks 378, 935
normative 152, 237
benefits of expertise 1060–1, 1067, 1075, 1109, 1114, 1125
BESD (binomial effect size display) 76
best practices 319, 722, 1172–5
bias, response 501, 773
biases 174–6, 746, 753–4, 757–9, 779, 981, 1013, 1163–6, 1168–9
cognitive 754, 857, 981, 993, 1164, 1169
confirmation 754, 964, 1013, 1148, 1165
judgment 1163–4
negative 753, 758
bibliographic analysis 265–7, 279–80, 544
bibliometric analyses 537, 543
Big Data 1167, 1175, 1179–80
binomial effect size display, see BESD
biochemists 63, 88
biological motion 598–9, 603, 606, 612
black boxes 159, 597, 808, 1208
blind spots 155, 811–12, 814, 1009
blobbers 992
blood pressure 456, 502
blurring 881, 1026, 1134
boards 40, 154, 159, 177, 245, 662
Boeing 342, 645, 1158
Boggle 552–3
boom gates 358, 365, 367–8
boomer generation 889, 977
bottlenecks 481, 819
boundaries 190, 194, 1042, 1045, 1110, 1112, 1196, 1200
competency 1115, 1199
fuzzy 267, 280
national 1134
boundary conditions 1005, 1008, 1182
bounded rationality 16, 38, 49, 149, 152–4, 1135
bowlers 249, 606–8
box trainers 936, 938
brain 128–30, 132, 134, 246, 249, 251, 253, 256, 336–7
anatomy 131, 134
regions 129, 131–2, 135, 140–1, 343, 350
Brazil 221, 907
brevity 324, 468
bridge 40, 137, 1061, 1067
budgets 371, 619, 820, 841
building blocks 152, 154–5, 160, 194, 440
building construction 223, 228, 230
bureaucracy 914, 1171
burglars 162
business 20, 23, 203, 1023–5, 1028, 1031
cases 807, 1008
expertise 23, 804, 807–27
future work 826–7
research methods and findings 809–26
experts 808–11
models 977, 996
plans 163–4, 1040
cabin crew 662, 669
calculation 248–9, 1177
mental 46–7
candidate schemas 966, 968–70
capabilities 247, 487, 649–51, 742, 757–9, 793, 796–8, 808–9, 863–4, 979–80, 1199
adaptive 1112, 1196, 1199, 1204
cognitive 236, 239, 800, 802, 809
computational 38, 153
expert 656, 792, 1166, 1168, 1177
technological 757, 802
capacity 40–1, 175, 235–6, 238, 412–13, 493, 498, 646–7, 651–3, 984–5, 1116–17
adaptive 387, 1110, 1112, 1203
cognitive 20, 744
computational 16, 152, 167
limited 50, 161, 409
loss 492, 498
processing 491–3, 512, 1065, 1069–70, 1076
for self-organization 236, 238
capturers 20, 474–5, 480, 486
capture-the-flag competitions 723–4
cardiac activity 502
cardiologists 456–7, 626
career development 535, 977, 1039–40, 1047
caregivers 436
Carnegie Mellon University, see CMU
carpenters 56, 766, 1098, 1110
case experience 952, 957, 967
case-based hypertext learning environments 957, 964
case-proficiency scaling 1115, 1199
castings 817–18, 820–1, 823
catalysts 1, 13, 1001–2, 1008, 1014, 1210
categorization 154, 186, 295, 299, 728, 731
causal effects 131–2, 141–2
causal factors 664, 674, 983
causal hypotheses 392, 500
causal models 500, 1095
causal reasoning 25, 625, 982
causal relationships 385, 655–6
causation 88, 960, 983, 986
complex indeterminate 982–3
CBT (computer-based training) 941–2
CCUs (coronary care units) 159–61, 165
CDS (clinical decision support) 634
cells 75, 129, 372, 557, 560, 759
central nervous system activity 502
centralized coordination 220, 226–8, 237
certifications 619, 663, 670, 723, 799
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) 723
CESC (Central Emergency Support Centre) 860
CFH design 966–7
CFT (cognitive flexibility theory) 24, 156, 951–72, 986, 1197, 1204
and adaptive skill 959–64
learning environments 963, 965, 967–8
and novelty paradox 956–9
societal implications 971–2
systems 957, 968–9
CFT learning 963, 965–6, 968, 970
chaos 796, 838, 873
charismatic leadership 1010
checklists 340, 423, 1158, 1160, 1174–5, 1180–1
integrated 831, 841
chess 41–2, 47–9, 57, 59–62, 77, 137–8, 292–3, 297–8, 300–301, 349–50, 389–90, 930–1, 1067–8
Chase and Simon 39–41
de Groot 36–9
expertise 5, 7, 57, 59–60, 132, 138, 1068–9, 1072
grandmasters 166, 291–2, 301
masters 345–6, 349, 810, 1182
patterns 7, 177
players 36, 39–40, 59–60, 138, 292, 307
positions 41–2, 130, 292, 298, 345, 927
chest pain 159–60, 460, 629, 632
child rearing 265, 267
children 42, 103–5, 107, 109–13, 117–19, 130, 574–6, 585, 906–7, 910
gifted 104, 106–7, 120
choking 20, 508–10
chronic stress 492, 513
chunking 7, 40, 42, 45, 178, 182
theory 14, 35, 38–41, 45–6, 48, 51
citizens 91–2, 780, 905, 920, 985, 1110
Civil Service 1133, 1137, 1140–3, 1146
civilians 766, 773, 779, 782–3, 943
untrained 779, 782
classic expertise approach 6–9, 14, 35–51, 138, 195, 346
characteristics 49–50
chess 36–41
community of practice 7–8
computational model of chess memory 45–6
future 50–1
key theoretical work 45–7
classical expertise approach
computer programming 43–4
physics 42–3
writing 43
classical music 44, 579
classification 85, 91, 160, 163, 719, 728
classmates 904, 909
classroom learning 920, 1051
classroom teaching 24, 918, 933, 942, 1046
classrooms 24, 319, 904–5, 909–12, 918–20, 922, 1046, 1049
regular 105, 118, 326
clients 409, 411, 413, 415, 810–11, 815, 817, 892, 943, 1023
climate 872, 961
anthropogenic 90
change 655, 972, 1194–5
clinical decision support, see CDS
clinical environments 627–8, 635
clinical information 419, 635
clinical judgment 1145–6, 1161, 1174–5
clinical knowledge 620, 625
clinical practice 416, 420, 619, 630, 1145
clinical psychologists 770, 1182
clinical reasoning 273, 621–2, 624, 631
clinical supervisors 933
clinical workflow 627, 631, 634
clips, video 136, 303, 777, 782, 933–4
close-to-practice qualitative research methods 9, 408–25, 435, 694
exemplar 416–17
closure 748, 991–2
cognitive 990, 996
clusters 41, 265, 267, 280, 553, 565
CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) 7–8, 49, 730
coaching 322, 329–30, 1022–8, 1036–7, 1039–40, 1045, 1047–9
activities 1037, 1045
executive 811, 1024
and mentoring 1023–5
co-citation analysis 265, 267
cockpit 156, 295, 490, 675, 705, 1114
cockpit task management 666–7, 679, 681
co-constructive processes 382, 397, 1037
coders 435–6, 439, 447
codes 432–3, 435–6, 441, 447, 874, 876
ethical 769, 771
coding 359, 436, 439, 447–8, 967–8
benefits 967–8
categories 435, 876
process 436, 439
coercion 423, 771
cognition 50–2, 173–5, 178–80, 190–3, 195, 210, 243, 247–51, 256, 338, 344, 1169–72, 1207–8
distributed 252–3, 256, 705, 712, 1169
embedded 250
embodied 173, 249–50, 1203
enactive 250–1
expert 193, 378, 447, 809
medical 618, 620–2
situated 211, 251–2, 257, 344, 347–8, 1169
cognitive ability 14–15, 56–77, 671, 673, 676–7, 680, 734–5, 1062–3, 1066–7, 1069
effects 68, 72–3
evidence for role 58–72
factors 57, 68, 72–4, 77, 672
measures 57, 59, 62, 65, 72, 74–8
cognitive activities 17, 251, 253, 354, 357, 881, 886, 1170
cognitive adaptations 213, 1207–8
cognitive apprenticeship 252, 540, 1046
cognitive architectures 155, 334, 338–44, 350, 497
cognitive biases 754, 857, 981, 993, 1164, 1169
cognitive capabilities 236, 239, 800, 802, 809
cognitive challenges 432, 445–6, 951, 956, 1173
cognitive closure 990, 996
cognitive demands 209, 250, 298, 511, 651–2, 710
cognitive efficiency 1059–60, 1065
cognitive expertise 313, 504, 802
(p. 1236) cognitive flexibility 263, 673, 776, 855, 951, 986–7
cognitive flexibility theory, see CFT
cognitive functions 2, 202, 255, 475, 1062, 1065
cognitive interviewing 475, 478, 482–3, 644–5, 887
cognitive load 443, 504, 619, 630, 636, 1042
theory 607–8
cognitive mechanisms 175, 268, 300, 496, 726, 783
cognitive models 193, 195–6, 338, 340, 349, 351, 733, 735, 1048–9
cognitive overload 20, 491–2, 496–7, 633
cognitive performance 192–5, 468–9, 471–5, 477–80, 482–5, 487, 496, 499, 701, 703
cognitive processes 250–2, 355–6, 537–8, 612, 618, 620–1, 740–2, 744–7, 751–3, 775
higher-level 609, 618
cognitive processing 47, 490, 584, 779, 932, 1183
cognitive psychology 3, 9, 14, 49, 244, 256, 268, 878–9
cognitive readiness 22, 265, 268–9, 767, 797, 801–2
cognitive resources 249, 1060, 1062, 1065–6, 1068, 1072–5
cognitive rigidity 987, 1115, 1124, 1199–200
cognitive science 265, 337, 618, 621–2, 630, 636
radical embodied 249, 255–6
cognitive skills 502–3, 561, 598–603, 610, 612, 858, 860–1, 931–2, 936–8, 944
acquisition 18, 20, 313–14, 316, 1206
cognitive strategies 231, 237, 272, 275, 277, 279
cognitive structures 238, 543, 618, 860
cognitive support 439, 630, 633–4, 955
cognitive systems 10–11, 14, 16, 219–21, 223, 225, 227, 229, 237, 1169–70
cognitive systems engineering (CSE) 14, 16, 200, 207, 219–39, 1135, 1138
community of practice 10–11
cognitive task analysis (CTA) 195–6, 378, 469, 471, 477, 727–8, 733–4, 743–4, 748, 883, 887, 1048, 1201–2
cognitive tasks 276, 399, 740, 742, 745–6, 754
cognitive transformation theory 156, 955, 1009, 1197
cognitive tunneling 668, 1061
cognitive underpinnings 556, 734
cognitive work analysis, see CWA
cognitive workload 502, 753
cognitive-psychological perspective 498
collaboration 96–7, 455, 734, 784, 831–4, 837, 839, 841, 992–3, 1074
collaborative work 536, 839, 917–18, 1170
collage 881–2
collective evaluation 25, 1003
collective tacit knowledge 88
college students 117, 192, 561, 727, 1165
collegial interactions 915–16
collisions 159, 177, 363–4, 699
color 302, 652, 699, 709, 812
comfort 248, 483, 647, 1035
command 201, 226, 795–7, 800, 803, 831, 861, 1071–2
commanders 742, 750–1, 836
military 197, 222, 865
commercial aviation 221–2, 341, 668–9
commitment 201, 209, 212, 256, 1033, 1118–19
common ground 487, 706–7, 839, 843, 1119, 1122, 1125, 1178
commonalities 156, 165, 183, 269, 295, 795–6
communications
failures 364, 862
radio 693, 702–3, 707
skills 662, 669, 982, 990
voice 665, 680, 743
communities of practice 1–11, 17, 197, 316, 318, 1043
classic expertise approach 7–8
cognitive systems engineering (CSE) 10–11
deliberate practice (DP) 9
Dreyfus-ian 8
individual differences 6–7
knowledge approach 7–8
macrocognition 10
naturalistic decision making (NDM) 10
perceptual–motor expertise 9–10
skill acquisition 5–6
social studies of science 8–9
compensation 1029–30, 1039, 1062, 1073
strategies 1062, 1066, 1068–9, 1071, 1073, 1075–6
compensatory strategies 162–3, 1068–70, 1072–3
competence 8, 410, 491–5, 498–9, 799–800, 857–8, 861, 1021, 1023, 1201–2
daily 1069, 1075
competencies 111–12, 317, 319, 451, 454, 461–3, 725, 728, 855–6, 979–80
cognitive 733–4, 980
competency models 316–17, 330
competition(s) 506, 508, 514, 553–5, 681, 724, 1035
capture-the-flag 723–4
direct 930, 944
competitiveness 164, 564
complacency 1113
complementarity 191, 211, 401, 1208–9
complete processing models 1207–8
completeness 222, 382, 385, 389, 398, 693–4
complex domains 12, 19, 1066, 1071, 1194, 1199, 1201
complex environments 1, 10, 208, 210, 626, 630
complex interactions 601, 673, 1022
complex knowledge 23, 894, 916, 1101
complex performance domains 1095, 1098, 1100–1102
complex problems 193, 207, 211, 386, 531, 542
complex real-world performance domains 26, 1089, 1097, 1103
complex reasoning 916, 1049
complex situations 211, 419, 421, 424, 984, 1173
complex skills 77, 275, 278, 280, 312, 1066
complex systems 26, 220, 226, 295, 690, 693
complex tasks 295–6, 339–40, 1048–9, 1086, 1088, 1090, 1093, 1095, 1113, 1207
complexity 22–3, 26, 195–6, 222, 294–5, 410–12, 725–6, 953–4, 958–60, 967, 970–2, 1042–3, 1207–8
functional 12, 1115, 1199
preservation 960, 1115, 1199, 1208
compliance 371–2, 769, 855, 864, 915, 917
procedural 856, 1116
complicated, processes 383, 852
component analyses 299, 598, 1050
component teams 832–3
composite measures 64, 72, 508
comprehension 21, 61, 618, 620, 728, 1069–74
comprehensive review 128, 313, 674, 752, 931
computation 173, 394, 1062, 1073
computational capacities 16, 152, 167
computational model of chess memory 45–6
computational modeling 18, 50, 333–5, 337, 344–6, 348–50
research 334, 345, 348
state of science 348–9
techniques 335, 337
computational models 6, 18, 38–40, 333–50, 394, 556
domain-specific 344–8
future research directions 349–50
computer models 39, 47, 50–1, 891, 1175–6
computer programming 40, 48, 137, 1046
classical expertise approach 43–4
computer programs 38–9, 46, 50, 263, 795
computer science 1, 37, 397, 723, 725, 1175–80
computer security 720, 723–4
computer simulations 37, 46, 155, 158, 164–5, 338
computer-based training (CBT) 941–2
computerized physician order entry (CPOE) 633
computers 93–4, 469, 720, 943–4, 1176, 1183
concept maps 473, 475–7, 482–3, 485, 992
conceptual models 211, 539, 701, 759, 889–90
conceptual understanding 263–4, 269, 272, 915, 919, 957, 960, 1196
conceptual variability 957, 964, 966
conceptual variability search 957, 964
concurrent verbal protocols 36, 358–9
confidence game 1167
confirmation 301, 756, 1025
bias 754, 964, 1013, 1148, 1165
confirmatory evidence 630, 634
conflict resolution 778, 780
conformity 174–5, 325
confusion 175, 431, 645, 669, 844, 893
connectivity, functional 15, 57, 128, 140–1
conscious deliberation 199, 988
consciousness 377, 388–90
consensus 87, 90, 154, 436, 447, 1013
consent, informed 423, 445
consistency 67, 423, 494, 754, 756, 775
internal 165, 206, 274
constraints 152–3, 174, 176–7, 182–4, 186–7, 234, 272, 452, 552–3, 798–9, 1044–5, 1203
contextual 400, 601, 1042, 1050
ecological 176, 186
external 179, 195
functional 177, 183, 185
goal-relevant 1059, 1202, 1206
internal 174, 177, 179, 182
letter 554, 556
organizational 233, 235, 238, 400, 883
resource 441, 750
rule-based 555, 1066
construction 176, 348, 362–3, 648, 653, 655
social 90, 119, 1171
constructive feedback 1032, 1035, 1040
constructivism 88, 176, 178, 184, 186, 314
constructivist approaches 86, 175–6, 178, 181–3
consultants 264, 270–1, 305, 411, 916, 939
consumers 436, 475, 740, 748, 879, 1148
content 23–4, 92–3, 317–18, 392–3, 774–5, 840, 963, 965, 1063
knowledge 913, 932, 935
schemas 958
validity 317, 328
content-blind norms 152–3
context independence 962, 1204
contextual cues 694, 1072
contextual information 605–10
contingencies 438, 446, 674, 962, 1066
local 226, 228
continuity 87, 150, 313, 656
continuous improvement 371, 918–21
continuous process operations 851–4
continuous processes 208, 642, 651, 878
continuous variables 73, 160, 1064
contractors 831, 852–3
contributory expertise 92–3, 97, 1202
control 181, 205–6, 246–7, 347, 507–8, 664, 691, 708–9, 773, 818, 935–6, 1093–4, 1183–4
conditions 41, 531, 943, 1076, 1086
executive 498–9, 514
experimental 293, 643, 646–8, 655–6, 769, 774
gaze 502, 782
human 712, 1183
mission 23, 795, 830–2, 834–5, 839–45
motor 9, 130, 134–5, 182, 248, 510
process 19, 995, 1205
riot 646, 783
supervisory 347, 713, 743
vocal 135, 578
control rooms 841, 852, 856–7, 863, 1111
control tasks 451–3, 699, 1099
analysis 452–3
control trials, randomized 444, 1142, 1145, 1173
controlled conditions 11–12, 291–2, 296, 298, 302, 1166, 1168
controlled experiments 191, 381, 531, 963, 968, 1162
controlled processing 136, 1096
controllers 665–7, 669–70, 672, 676, 831, 833–6, 841, 845
flight 830–5, 837, 839, 841, 843–5
frontroom 833, 835
mission 831, 835, 838, 842
convenience 299, 474
cooperating teams 705–8
cooperation 796, 839, 841, 1114, 1159
coordination 129–30, 133, 246, 851–2, 1062, 1119, 1122, 1170–1
centralized 220, 226–8, 237
coordinative structures 181–3, 186
co-pilots 490, 669, 675
coping 253, 491–2, 494, 499, 511, 514
skills 494, 497
strategies 499, 1111
coronary care units, see CCUs
(p. 1239) corporals 795–6, 799
correction 60–1, 68–9, 278, 560, 627–8
corrective feedback 938, 982, 1047
correctness 1090, 1165, 1181
correlational design 1094–5
correlations 59–70, 72–5, 133, 141–2, 576, 673, 676, 989, 1093
positive 64, 673, 854
strong 24, 931
correspondence 41, 174–5, 206, 296, 749, 756
dyads 174, 184
cortical thickness 129–30, 141
cortisol 497, 502, 504, 510
salivary 502, 511
costs 794–5, 817, 821, 1058, 1060–1, 1075, 1097, 1099–102
cognitive 1066, 1068
human 264, 277
reduced 817, 1179
reputational 1134
counseling 1023–5
course of action (COA) 195, 197–9, 201, 204, 314–16, 419, 796, 1196–7
court positioning 605–6, 611
co-workers 130–40, 222, 1073, 1171
CPOE (computerized physician order entry) 633
CPTs (cyber protection teams) 727
creative thinking 301, 796, 798, 989
creativity 36, 111, 114–18, 578, 797, 802
scientific 1038, 1203
credentials 91, 535, 979
credibility 86, 880, 1157, 1170
crew and mission control 831–2, 839–40, 842, 844
crew autonomy 837, 844–5
crew communication 839–40
crew resource management, see CRM
crewmembers 832–3, 836–8, 840, 842–4
crews, train 691, 693, 695, 698, 701–8, 710–12
crew-to-ground communications 840, 843
crime 253, 722, 782, 814
crime scene examination 253–4
criminal investigators 782
crisis work 225, 228
criterion variables 75, 326
criterion-based training 1089–90
critical cues 202, 431, 437, 439–40
critical decision method (CDM) 255, 389, 391–2, 396, 431–3, 440, 443–6, 474–5, 477–8, 480–4, 486–7, 743, 1044
critical incidents 204, 439, 775, 874, 933, 1208
critical thinking skills 724, 755
CRM (crew resource management) 22, 662, 669, 680–1, 858, 1114–15
training 1114–15, 1120
crossing environments 364, 368–9
crossing systems 18, 364, 369
operation 362, 364, 369, 372
crossroads cases 968–70
crosswords 551, 553, 555–7, 560, 566–70
expert solution times as function of difficulty 557–9
players 554, 556, 565–6, 569–70
skill 555–6
strategy v memory skills 560–1
cryptograms 552–3
crystallized intelligence 59, 73, 109–10, 569
C-sections 1172
cue hierarchy 151, 160, 164
cue recognition 775, 1071–2
cue utilization 437, 610, 649–52, 655–6
cue-based associations 651, 653–4
cued-retrospective interviews 19, 434–5, 447
cues 151, 156, 160–4, 166–7, 305–6, 432, 434–5, 437, 440, 650–4, 780, 985–8, 1071–2
contextual 694, 1072
critical 202, 431, 437, 439–40
diagnostic 1059–60
environmental 299, 346
memory 46, 570
movement-related 299–300
musical 134
perceptual 45, 610, 679
postural 595, 597–8, 601, 604–6, 610–11
proximal 342
remote 553, 556
visual 65, 602
cultural norms 92, 269–71, 274, 698
cultural psychology 381, 1203
culturally valued domains 104, 120–1
(p. 1240) culture 24, 930–3, 939, 944, 987, 994, 1141, 1146
organizational 759, 891
curricula 118, 300, 415, 993, 1043, 1050
cutlery 1111–12
cut-scores 107, 120
CWA (cognitive work analysis) 11, 19, 233, 451–66, 696, 743–4, 748
cyber analysts 722, 731
cyber attacks 720–1, 725
cyber defense 722–3
cyber domains 22, 718–35
complexities of expertise 725–7
current research 727
education and training 723–5
evolution 719–21
future directions for research 732–5
work roles 721–3
cyber expertise 22, 718–21, 723, 725, 727, 729, 732–5
cyber operations 22, 723, 733–4
offensive 722, 725
cyber operators 22, 719, 723, 725–8, 731, 733–5
defensive 725–6
private sector 727
cyber protection teams (CPTs) 727
cyber situational awareness 727–31
cyber workforce 722–3
cybersecurity 374, 484, 719, 721, 723–4
education 722–3
Cybersecurity Workforce Framework 721–3
dance 111, 137, 139, 246, 695, 700
dancers 132, 139
data-frame theory (DFT) 16, 203, 752, 1147
data–frame model of sensemaking 196, 200–205, 207, 211
data–frame relationship 202, 204
DBD (decision-based design) 534
DBIR (design-based implementation research) 920
deadlines 750, 756
decay 25–6, 1085, 1088, 1090–7, 1101–3
mitigation 1095, 1097–8, 1100, 1102
rates 1091, 1102
deception 796, 985, 987
decision ladder 452–3, 457–9, 462–3, 465, 753
decision making
expert 48, 200, 346, 440–2, 775, 778, 880, 882
military 795–7
recognition-based 334, 344, 346
Decision Research 1159–62, 1185
decision research community 1160–3
decision-based design (DBD) 534
decision-making skills 483, 662, 668, 774, 777
decisions
diagnostic 632, 634, 1059
knowledge-based 454, 463
military 23, 197, 201, 797–8, 804
policy 1146–7
political 90, 1133
recognition-primed 5, 7, 16, 48, 194–8, 985
declarative knowledge 271, 570, 929–30, 1098, 1102
decomposition, HTA goal 359–60
decompositional analysis 435–7
deduction 453, 623–4, 1007
deductive reasoning 205, 455
Deepwater Horizon 853, 861–2
defense 69, 728, 735, 994, 997, 1134–5
policy 1135, 1143
defensive cyber operators 725–6
defensive tactics 765, 770, 781, 783
deference 859, 1118–19, 1123, 1164
definitions of expertise 3, 8, 11–14, 1091, 1194, 1196–7
delayed post-training performance 1091, 1094
deliberate practice (DP) 9, 24, 49–50, 62, 113–14, 278–9, 564–6, 575–6, 579–81, 583–7, 927–44, 957–9, 968–71
to accelerate expertise in the workplace 939–41
in CFT learning 965, 968
characteristics 930, 933, 939–40
community of practice 9
in medical and surgical education 934–6
in music 582, 586
research 4, 931
in sports 936–9
in teaching and teacher education 932–4
and training-based research 931–2
deliberation 37, 199, 315, 804, 839, 988
conscious 199, 988
deliberative thinking 8, 396, 894
delivery 294, 318, 357, 607–8, 818–19, 944
on-time 818–22
democracy 89, 96, 98, 1160
demographic information 323, 445, 730
demonstrations 142, 273, 334, 346, 543, 795
Denkpsychologie 382, 385
Denmark 451, 644
dependence 500, 542, 644, 1067
dependencies 430, 446, 893
depression 166, 512
descriptive approaches 150, 155, 643, 646, 648–9, 656
descriptive behavioral framework 855, 858
descriptive models 161, 432, 439, 441, 448, 1147, 1149
descriptive research 647, 932, 1126
descriptors 324–5, 649
design 19, 219–21, 232–5, 237–8, 302, 368, 439–40, 442, 461–6, 533–4, 1085–7, 1092, 1094–5
CFH 966–7
correlational 1094–5
experimental, see experimental designs
ideal 1092, 1094
implications 16, 220, 228, 232
instructional 275, 935, 941, 944
objectives 233, 238
persuasive 465–6
phases 1109, 1143
rehearsal 820
research 397, 423, 576, 879, 1086–7, 1095
designers 113, 294, 1118, 1178, 1183
instructional 928, 931
detection 198, 627–8, 720, 730–1, 1004, 1013
developers 329, 622, 817, 1178
software 323, 432, 441, 721
developmental functions 25, 1023
developmental interactions 1024, 1042, 1050
developmental models 111, 316, 319
developmental phases 888–9
developmental progression 323–4, 330
developmental psychology 42, 50, 104
developmental stages 313–14, 320
developmental support roles 1022–3, 1027
devices 42, 167, 356, 597, 718, 720
dexterity, manual 65, 498
diabetes 270, 1173
diagnoses 198, 409, 437, 620, 623, 646, 649, 942
medical 622, 1046
required 306, 666
diagnosis loops 196, 201
diagnostic accuracy 632, 634
diagnostic cues 1059–60
diagnostic decisions 632, 634, 1059
diagnostic expertise 21, 620
diagnostic reasoning 409, 618–36
complexity and expertise 625–8
conclusions and future 635–6
expertise and deviations from standard protocol 629–30
history 620–5
technology-mediated 620, 630–5
diagrams 233, 421, 473, 476, 483, 876
WOP 233–4, 236, 238
dialogic instruction 914–20, 1049
dialogic learning 906, 908, 910
dialogic reasoning 24, 1049
dialogic teaching 904, 906, 908, 912–14, 920
devleoping expertise in 910–14
dialogue 822, 904–5, 909–10, 1025
dichotomies 175, 184, 187, 574
difference variables 1087, 1095–6
differential effects 1008, 1014, 1143, 1205
differential psychology 36, 335
(p. 1242) differentiated model of giftedness and talent 108, 110, 585
differentiation 176, 313, 330, 574
digit span task 39, 45, 47
digital forensics 722, 724
digital media 952, 972
digital tutoring 799
digit-symbol substitution 58, 61
direct feedback 486, 1022
direct instruction 906, 954, 963, 1047
direct interactions 92, 179
direct verbalizations 390–5, 399–400
directed probes 392, 396–400
directed thinking 386–7
directedness 397–8
directionalities 163, 508, 623
disasters 669, 812, 861, 1092, 1147
disciplinary lenses 873, 1147
disciplines 21, 424–5, 529–31, 535, 539–40, 542, 1023–5
academic 416, 980
operational 857
scientific 1, 418, 424
discourse