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date: 23 May 2022

(p. xv) List of Figures

(p. xv) List of Figures

  1. 1.1 Selected international companies’ revenues and selected emerging economies’ GDPs (2017) 3

  2. 1.2 Decline in the number of listed corporations in the United States 1975–2017 22

  3. 1.3 Listed corporations market capitalization 1975–2017 in United States (US$ trillions) 24

  4. 1.4 Net equity issues, US non-financial and financial companies 1946–2016 26

  5. 1.5 World’s largest corporations by market capitalization in US$ billions (April 2018) 29

  6. 1.6 Europe’s largest corporations by market capitalization (March 2017) 30

  7. 1.7 Increase in the number of global listed domestic companies 1975–2016 33

  8. 1.8 Market capitalization of global listed domestic companies 1975–2017 (current US$ trillion) 33

  9. 4.1 Aggregate of stocks and bonds for firms on major US stock exchanges, 1888–1913 105

  10. 10.1 Rise and fall of union membership and density 1930–2015 254

  11. 10.2 Union membership/density vs. share of income going to the top 10 percent 255

  12. 10.3 Labor share of income vs. gross corporate profits, 1947–2015 256

  13. 10.4 Declining labor share of corporate income 256

  14. 10.5 Average CEO compensation vs. S&P 500 Index 264

  15. 10.6 CEO turnover rates (left axis) and “turnover gap” between all industries and financial services (right axis), 2000–15 266

  16. 10.7 Corporate profits by industry, 1965–2015 ($ billions; quarterly data at seasonally adjusted annual rates) 269

  17. 11.1 A proprietorship or partnership 284

  18. 11.2 The corporate firm (or “corporationship”) 285

  19. 13.1 Global child labor and child hazardous work (millions) 2000–16 323

  20. 13.2 Disaggregation of the global value chain 331

  21. 13.3 Apple revenue 2006 to 2018 (US$ billions) 335

  22. (p. xvi) 13.4 Apple market capitalization 2006 to May 2018 (US$ billions) 336

  23. 13.5 Apple profit margins 2005 to 2017 336

  24. 13.6 Apple cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities 2006 to 2017 (US$ billions) 337

  25. 14.1 Expansion paths of new MNEs in developed and developing countries 371

  26. 16.1 Share distribution in Japan 1953–2014 430

  27. 16.2 Number of companies held for the purpose of maintaining business relationships 433

  28. 16.3 Shareholdings of Keiretsu Companies 2010–18 434

  29. 16.4 Changes in average board size (Nikkei 225 companies) 437

  30. 16.5 Number of years an average director spends in lifetime career 442

  31. 16.6 Average compensation of inside (executive) directors 443

  32. 16.7 Level of “for” votes cast on certain agenda issues (companies with a higher ratio of institutional investors) 444

  33. 18.1 Comparing the optimizing firm and innovating firm 495

  34. 18.2 Innovative strategy and the reshaping of the cost curve 498

  35. 18.3a Accessing market segments: product innovation 502

  36. 18.3b Accessing market segments: process innovation 502

  37. 18.4 The theory of innovative enterprise and the illogical monopoly model 505

  38. 18.5 Social conditions of innovative enterprise 511

  39. 22.1 Reducing carbon to zero emissions by the end of the century 603

  40. 22.2 The widening scope of director’s duties: the increasing impact of social and environmental responsibility 610

  41. 22.3 An emerging trajectory of corporate sustainability 623

  42. 22.4 The investment in renewable energy in the OECD and G20 economies 2000–14 625