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(p. 501) Index
(p. 501) Index
A. O. Smith Corporation,204
AAA.See Allegheny Athletic Association
AAFC.See All America Football Conference
AAU.See Amateur Athletic Union
ABC.See American Broadcasting Company
Abere, Andrew,331
Abrevaya, Jason,184
Academy Awards,471
ACB.See analysis of competitive balance
AC Milan,68
Adams, Bud,248
Adams, Christopher,214
Adelman, M. A.,236
AFL.See American Football League
Africa,146
age heterogeneity,297
AHL.See American Hockey League
Aikman, Troy,241
AL.See American League
Alamar, Benjamin C.,212
ALDS.See American League Division Series
All-American Girls Baseball League,405
Allegheny Athletic Association (AAA),247
Allen, George,232
Allen, M.,353
Allen, W. David,167
amateurism,341
American Baseball Guild,102–3
American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
AFL and,226
FIFA television rights and,452
growth in network revenues for,228–29
NCAA and,230
American Federation of Labor,100
American Football Conference (AFC),229
American League Division Series (ALDS),69
American Le Mans Series,322
American Professional Football Association (APFA),247
Anderson, David L.,226
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,356
ANOVA,22
Anson, Adrian,98
anticompetition,83
Antonioni, P.,264
ARCA.See Automobile Racing Club of America
Arena Football League,250
Arrow, Kenneth,152
Ars Conjectandi (Bernoulli),197
Asian Football Confederation (AFC),450
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW),405–6
Atkinson, G. S.,430
Atkinson, Scott E.,232–33
attendance
after hosting World Cup,456–57
March Madness and,379–80
outcome uncertainty,29
UOH research and,29
violence and,163–66
Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA),320
Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH),432
Balsdon, Ed,379
Banerjee, Anurag N.,184–85
Barcelona,68
Barclays Scottish Open,306
Barney, J. B.,284
Barro, Robert,339
Barros, C. B.,490
Base Ball Players’ Fraternity,101
“The Baseball Players’ Labor Market” (Rottenberg),117
basketball.See also March Madness; National Basketball Association; National Invitational Tournament
in China,152
global structure of leagues,152
NCAA,360
Olympic,461
Bass, Ellen,379
Bauman, A.,431
Baumann, Robert,480
BCS.See Bowl Championship Series
behavioral economics,214–15
Belichick, Bill,199
Bellman, Richard E.,200
Bellman equations,200–201
Berkowitz, Steve,351
Berman, G.,428
Bernard, A.,438
Bernoulli, Jakob,197
Berra, Yogi,476
Berry, Robert C.,247
betting odds,29
BHPS.See British Household Panel Survey
Big Five leagues,289–90
foreign players in,291t
globalization of,290–91
local talent in,295t
revenues,289t
salary caps in,133
television ratings,72
Bird, P.,458
Blackmun, Harry,104
Blue, Vida,109
Bodvarsson, Orn B.,144–45
bonuses.See player bonuses
Borghesi, Richard,252
Borland, Melvin V.,352
Boronico, Jess S.,207
Boston College,360
Boston Red Sox,63
Boyer, Bill,248
Bradshaw, Terry,241
Brady, Tom,241
Brandes, Leif,151
Brastow, Raymond T.,144–45
Bremmer, D. S.,361
Brimberg, Jack,185
Broadcasting,230
Brocas, Isabelle,185
Bronsteen, Peter,331
Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players,100
Brown, Eleanor,144–45
Brown, Paul,199
Brunkhorst, John P.,252
Bryan, Kevin,378
Bryant, Kobe,72
Bunning, Jim,103
Burdekin, Richard C. K.,145
Bush, George H. W.,407
Bush, George W.,407–8
Busse, M.,438
Buzzacchi, Luigi,12
C5-index,24–25
Canadian Football League (CFL),250
capability-building,287
capacity constraints,477
Caribbean,146
Carmichael, Fiona,202
Carmichael, H. Lorne,304
Carolina Panthers,231
Carpentier, Patrick,321
Carr, Joe,247
Carrillo, Juan D.,185
CART.See Championship Auto Racing Teams
Carter, Robert,355
Cassing, James,110
Cave, Martin,232–33
CBAs.See collective bargaining agreements
CBR.See competitive-balance ratio
CBS.See Columbia Broadcasting System
CDF.See cumulative density function
Centenary College,410
ceteris paribus,6
CFL.See Canadian Football League
CGE.See computable general equilibrium
Chadwick, Henry,198
champion effect,52–54, 54f
factors in,72
instability of,56–58
open and closed case of,54f
playoff rules and,58–61
post-season play prizes and,61–64
preconditions, 73t
regular seasons and,61
Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART),321
Chandler, Albert,102
Chau, Nancy H.,152
Chelsea,68
Chicago Bulls,72
Chicago Tribune,248
Chow test,148
Cincinnati Red Stockings,98
Cisco,307
Civil Rights laws,404
Clarett v. NFL,90
Clemson University,355
Cleveland Cavaliers,72
Cleveland Indians,63
climate,444
Clinton, Bill,407
closed leagues,411
inequality of,12
practical implications of,12–15
resource redistribution in,12–13
coaching efficiency,283–84
Coase, Ronald,108
Coase theorem,20
Cobb, Ty,99
collective bargaining agreements (CBAs)
effect on competitive balance of,29
luxury taxes and,118–19
MLB,86–88
NFL,254
provisions,127
salary caps, setting of,124–26
Collins, Eddie,109
collusion,94n12
cartel enforcement and,345
in free agency,87–88
NCAA as cartel and,341
reserve clause and,99
in sale of television rights,92–93
Colorado Rockies,63
Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (CIAW),405–6
Commonwealth Games,437
communication costs, team diversity and,151–52
competitive balance,18–20. See also analysis of competitive balance
CBAs and,29
as club-revenue function variable,40
effects on,28–29
financial determinism and,282
Gini coefficient and,23–24
HHI and,23
MLB player drafts and,89
network broadcast revenue sharing and,232–41
in open leagues,31
optimal,44–47
profit-maximization and,38–44
in promotion-and-relegation systems,31–33
strands of,27
taxes and,127–28
in UCL,72
UOH research and,29–30
well-behaved MR curve compared with,45f
win-maximization and,38–44
computable general equilibrium (CGE),428
computers,199
concavity,38–39
concentration ratio (CR),24
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF),450
Conlin, M.,252
CONMEBOL.See South American Football Confederation
consumer price index,149
contestants,7–8
contests,4–6
economic models of,6–12
individualistic,7–9
promotion-and-relegation system in,10–12
team-sport,9–10
contingent valuation method (CVM),430
Cook, Earnshaw,198
Coon, Larry,131
cooperation,81–82
corporate sponsorship, of stadiums,457–58
Corral, Del,29
Council for Aid to Education,356
Coupé, T.,459
Cowher, Bill,199
Cox, Bobby,73
CR.See concentration ratio
Crandall, Robert W.,232–33
Crompton, John L.,428
Cross, Michael,377
cross-subsidization,282
crowding out,476
Cubbin, J.,264
Curt Flood Act of 1998,104–5
CVM.See contingent valuation method
Daley, Arthur J.,373–74
Dallas Texans,223
Davidson, Gary,249
Davis, Al,249
Davis, Michael C.,479
Daytona International Speedway,320
decision making, on fourth down,213–15
defense,73–74
deferred compensation,127
de Moivre, Abraham,197
Denver Broncos,232
Department of Education,407
Detroit Lions,241
Detroit Tigers,63
Dey, Matthew S.,144–45
DFB.See German Soccer Association
DFL.See German Premier League
DiMaggio, Joe,102
Ditka, Mike,249
D'itri, M.,283
diversity, in teams,150–52
Dona v. Mantero,261
Donley, Thomas,143
Donovan, John,477
Douglas, Richard W.,110
Dover Motorsports,325–26
drag racing,322
Drea, John,379
drug testing, in NFL,254–55
Dubai World Championship,306
Dumant Television,225
du Plessis, S.,451–53
Duryea, J. Frank,319
EADA.See Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
Eastham, George,261
Eastman, B.,463
Easton, Stephen T.,184
EBU.See European Broadcasting Union
Eckhard, W. Woodward,98–99
Economics Research Associates,428
Einolf, Karl W.,203
Elzinga, Kenneth G.,331
Emerson, P.,252
employment patterns
by age,269t
by birthplace,270t
in England and Wales,266–78
Olympics and,428
Super Bowl and,478–79
by tier,268t
turnover in,274t
World Cup and,454
End, Christian M.,479
enforcement, violence and,167–69
Engelstadt, Ralph,358
England, employment patterns in,266–78
English Premier League (EPL),517n15, 464
by birthplace,273t
by birthplace and tier,272t
champion effect and,57–58
competitive balance in,32
discrimination in,265
employment patterns by age,269t
employment patterns by birthplace,270t
employment patterns by tier,268t
employment patterns in,266–78
foreign players in,293–94
human capital formation in,288–95
local player quotas in,465
local talent in,294t
meltdown in,465
playoff rules,60t
playoffs and,52
SDWPCT in,33
structure of,289
team performance measures in,282–88
team wage bill disparities in,133
turnover in,274t
Entering-Player Pool, of NFL,128
Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN)
FIFA television rights and,452
growth in network revenues for,226–29
success of,238
EPL.See English Premier League
Ericson, T.,264
Eschker, Erick,148
Europa League,57
Europe
golfers in,312–15
NBA specialization and,146
promotion-and-relegation system in,31–32
World Cup host country selection and,452
European Broadcasting Union (EBU),426
European Open,306
European Tour,302–4
cartels and,304–7
data,307–10
Official World Golf Ratings and,314t
Order of Merit,308
preferences in,316
standard deviation on,308t
strength of,310–12
Ewing, Buck,100
experience, dimensions of,286–87
F1.See Formula 1
FA.See Football Association
Fanney, S. Brandon,379
fans
crowding out by,476
demand function of,7
(p. 507)
in promotion-and-relegation system,14
SDWPCT and,22
utility function,45
violence and,162–63
World Cup hosting and,456–58
Farrell, L.,435
Favre, Brett,242
Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs,84–85, 103–4
Federal League,101–4
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA),449–50. See also World Cup
Bosman ruling and,263
Executive Committee,450–51
referee rules and,488
stadiums and,457–58
television rights,452
Federation Internationale de L'Automobiles (FIA),321
Fees, E.,264–65
Feller, Bob,102
female participation,405t
The Feminine Mystique (Friedan),405
Fenn, Aju J.,252–53
FexEx Cup,304–5
financial determinism,281–82
Fingers, Rollie,109
five forces model,284
fixed-talent supply model,40
FL.See Football League
Fleisher, A. A.,347
Flood v. Kuhn,85–86
Flutie, Doug,360
Fong, Lesley,379
football (American).See also National Football League
Division 1A,410
economic literature on,250–53
fixed-effects models,417t
history of,246–50
NCAA coaches,414–15
quantitative analysis of,198–203
The Football Abstract (Palmer),199
Football League (FL),3260 266–78
by birthplace,273t
by birthplace and tier,272t
Championship,289
employment patterns by age,269t
employment patterns by birthplace,270t
employment patterns by tier,268t
turnover in,274t
Ford Motor,230
Formula 1 (F1),321–22
Forster, John,260
Forsund, F.,203
Fort-Zimbalist exchange,25–30
Foss, Joe,226
fourth down decision making,213–15
Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX)
growth in network revenues for,226–29
NFC and,231
NFL television rights and,254
Franchitti, Dario,321
Franck, Egon P.,185
Frank, Robert H.,351
Frazee, Harry,109
free agency
collusion in,87–88
effect on competitive balance of,28–29
Flood v. Kuhn and,85
in MLB,109–10
MLB CBA and,86–87
(p. 508)
MLBPA and,105–7
in NFL,238
in NHL,166
in soccer,260–63
youth development and,293
Friedan, Betty,405
Friend, Bob,103
Fulks, D. L.,351
Fultz, David,101
Funk, Jonas P.,145
game strategy,197–98
GAO.See General Accounting Office
Gardella, Danny,102
GAUSS,310
Gauss-Hermite quadrature,438
GBL.See German Bundesliga league
gender equality,404–5
Gender Equity Report, of NCAA,407–8
Georgia State University,368
Georgia Tech,355–56
German Bundesliga league (GBL),290450456
coach career length,489–90
player career length,489–90
team wage bill disparities in,133
German Olympic Federation,453
German Organizing Committee,452
German Premier League (DFL),453
Ghana,460
Gillett, George,68t
Gillium, Jack,351
Glazer, Malcolm,68t
global welfare,140–41
Goddard, John A.,265–66
golf.See also Professional Golfers Association
data,307–10
in Europe,312–15
participation,315t
professional,303–7
Gompers, Samuel,100
Gompertz model,492
Goodell, Roger,254
Government and the Sports Business (Noll),111
government support,353–54
Graham, Otto,241
Grand-American Road Racing Association,322
Grand National series,320
Gray, Philip,207
Gray, Stephen F.,207
Griffith, Clark,100
Grim, Alan K.,226
Grinblatt, M.,302
Groothuis, Peter A.,146
Grove City College,407
grunt players,166
Gürtler, O.,490
Gustafson, Elizabeth,123
Hagn, F.,454–55
Halas, George,247–48
Hald, Anders,197
handicapping, in individualistic contests,8–9
Harris Interactive poll,224
Harrison, William B.,354
hazard modeling,492
Heckelman, Jac,168
Hefflinger, William,247
Heisman Trophy,360
Heldenfels, Rich D.,225
Hertha Berlin,456
Heyne, M.,455
HHI.See Herfindahl-Hirschman index
Hicks, Tom,68t
The Hidden Game of Football (Palmer),199
Hilton, Barry,248
Hjalmarsson, L.,203
Hoang, Ha,144
hobby losses,234–35
Hoehn, T.,15
Holmes, Jessica A.,367
Hoop Scoop talent index,283
Hornish, Sam, Jr.,321
Horowitz, Ira,236
Hossfeld, Richard T.,145
Hotchkiss, Julie L.,453–54
household dynamics,443
housing prices, Olympics and,432–33
Houston Sports Association,248
Howsam, Bob,248
HSBC,307
Hugman, B.,267
Huizenga, Wayne,234
Hulbert, William,98
Hunter, Jim “Catfish,”105–6
Hurley, Bill,185
Husch, J.,466
Hutchins, Robert,349
Hyde, Dave,234
Idson, Todd L.,145
illegality, culture of,168
IMPLAN (IMpact analysis for PLANing),476
IMSA.See International Motor Sports Association
incentives
in individualistic contests,8
salary caps and,134
in team-sport contests,9
income distribution research,21
Indianapolis Motor Speedway,322
individual play,200
industrial organization,21
Infineon Raceway,326
information asymmetries,109–10
information theory,21
institutional revenues
direct effects of,350–52
donations and,354–58
government support and,353–54
indirect effects of,352–53
Intercollegiate Athletic Association,247
inter-conference telecasts, in NFL,229
Internal Revenue Service (IRS),234–35
International Federation of PGA Tours,305
International Motor Speedway,321
International Motor Sports Association (IMSA),322
International Olympic Committee (IOC),425–26
interstate commerce,85
IOC.See International Olympic Committee
IRL.See Indy Racing League
Italian Serie A,289–90
Jacksonville Jaguars,231
Jasmand, S.,428
Jennings, Hugh,100
Joe Robbie Stadium,234
Jones, John Colin Henry,163–66
Jordan, Jeremy D.,207
Jordan, Michael,72
Jozsa, Frank P.,251
Kahane, Leo,331
Kamerschen, David R.,380
Kanazawa, Mark T.,145
Kasimati, E.,428
Keenan, Diane,144–45
Keloharju, M.,302
Kesselring, R. G.,361
Kicker,489
Kiis, Mike,232
Killefer, Bill,101–2
knock-out format,4
Koch, James V.,144–45
Korr, Charles,103
Kuenn, Harvey,103
Kuethe, Todd,378
Kuper, S.,466
labor issues, in MLB,88–90
labor markets
features of sports,260
fixed-supply,42
in global era,140–42
human capital formation and,288–95
international,137–38
NBA,143–45
regulations,282
teams in global,138–40
theories,107–9
Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA),303
Lahman, Sean,199
Lajoie, Napoleon,101
La Liga,464
Larsen, A.,252
Las Vegas Motor Speedway,326
Lauze, Michael A.,355
leagues.See also closed leagues; open leagues
closed v. open,4
competitive balance defense and,10
cooperation within,81–82
expansions,250–51
global structure of,152
home-and-away,7
profit-maximization,38
quality of,40
restrictions on entry and,90–91
structures,4–6
win-maximization,38
leakages,476–77
Leeds, E. M.,466
Leeds United,68
Lenz, Heinz Otto,261–62
“Letter to a Friend on Sets in Court Tennis” (Bernoulli),197
Liverpool,68
Lloyd, Earl,140
Lombardi, Vince,242
London Stock Exchange,432
Los Angeles Olympics of 1984,426–27
Lotka curve,241
Lovell, C. A. K.,203
LPGA.See Ladies Professional Golf Association
Lucifora, C.,460–61
luck,73–74
MacCambridge, Michael,224
Mack, Connie,109
Madden, J. F.,428
Major League Baseball (MLB).See also World Series
Actual Club Payroll,127
age restrictions in,89
antitrust laws and,103–5
CBA,86–88
champion effect and,57–58
coaching efficiency in,283–84
contraction of,91–92
free agency in,109–10
inequality in,12
labor issues in,88–90
luxury taxes and,118–19
Markov switching in,28–29
MRP and,51–52
NASN and,93
player drafts,89
playoff advertising revenue of,69–72
post-season player bonuses in,64–66
relative entropy and,24
rivalries,81
roster size in,90
SCWP in,28–29
strike of 1994-1995104
television ratings,69
Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA),95n27
formation of,103
free agency and,105–7
growth of,110–11
reserve clause, elimination of, and,86–88
Makadok, Richard,287
Malone, Karl,72
Malone, Keith D.,252
managerial efficiency, stochastic analysis,202–3
Mara, Tim,248
Maraniss, David,225
March Madness,4 373–77
analysis of,386–89
attendance and,379–80
benefits of,387t
empirical strategy and,380–82
literature review of,377–79
marginal revenue product (MRP)
champion effect instability and,56
MLB and,51–52
MLB CBA and,87
NCAA as cartel and,342
production function analysis and,202
violence demand and,166
margin of victory,28
market equilibrium,41–43
marketing rights, Olympics and,425
Marshall, George,248
Mason, Daniel S.,237
Masters,304
Match of the Day,458
McCann, M.,251
McEvoy, Chad,361
McKenzie, R. B.,341
media fragmentation,69
media rights.See also television rights
playoff advertising revenue and,69
regular season,69
revenue sharing and,73
meltdown,465
Memphis Southmen,91
Meserve, Lauren A.,357
Mexican Baseball League,102
Miami Dolphins,234
Mickelson, Sig,224
Middlebury College,367
Miller Brewing,230
Mills, A. G.,98
minimax theory,209
Minto, T. C.,361
Mississippi State University,355
Mixon, Franklin G., Jr.,361
MLB.See Major League Baseball
MLS.See Major League Soccer
MNF.See Monday Night Football
Mokwa, Michael,481
Monday Night Football (MNF),229–30
Mondello, Michael,357
Moneyball science,73
Monks, J.,466
Monks, James,355
monopsony,139
Montana, Joe,241
Montgomerie, Colin,309
Montoya, Juan Pablo,321
Montreal Canadiens,160
moral hazard,143
Morgenstern, Oskar,200
motorsports,319–24
Mottley, Charles M.,203–4
MR curve.See marginal revenue curve
MRP.See marginal revenue product
Muehlheusser, G.,264–65
multiplier effects,428
Mundell, Robert,138
Murphy, N.,431
Murray, Charles,240–41
Mutombo, Dikembe,152
Nash-Cournot equilibrium,42–43
NASN.See North American Sports Network National Association for Stock Car Auto
Craftsman Truck series,320
economics of,324–28
growth of,322–24
history of,319–24
host tracks,324–28
Nationwide series,320
network revenues,325t
racing series,319–20
revenues,324–28
Sprint Cup series,320
Strictly Stock series,319
television rights,323
UOH and,328–30
vertical integration with ISC and,327–28
National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP),98
National Association of Professional Base Ball Clubs,3
National Basketball Association (NBA)
Basketball Related Income,124–25
career length in,146
Determination of Salary,128
dominance of,139
finals,471
(p. 513)
global distribution of position in,147t
globalization of,140f
labor market,143–45
labor mobility in,137–38
playoff advertising revenue of,69–72
playoff television ratings,71t
post-season player bonuses in,64–66
revenue sharing in,126t
soft salary cap in,129
specialization in,145–46
team continuity in,72
team diversity in,150–52
team wage bill of,129f
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
growth in network revenues for,226–29
NFL television rights and,224
Olympics and,425
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).See also March Madness
ABC and,230
basketball and,360
branding and,341
as cartel,339–42
cartel enforcement and,345–47
Division 1A football of,410
economic approach to,340
effects on students of,365–68
explanations of,341–42
football coaches,414–15
formation of,344–45
Gender Equity Report of,407–8
HHI and,23
as monopoly,342–44
television rights of,342–43
transparency in,340
winning percentage in,381
women and,406–7
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma et al.,340 342–43
National Football League (NFL).See also Super Bowl
AFL and,91
age restrictions in,90
behavioral economics considerations for,214–15
birth of,247
broadcast networks and,253–54
CBA,254
decision making on fourth down,213–15
drug testing,254–55
dynamic programming modeling and,200–201
economic issues pertaining to,253–55
Entering-Player Pool,128
expansion of,223
free agency in,238
growth of,242
history of quantitative analysis in,198–99
individual play,200
inter-conference telecasts,229
measuring competitive balance in,235–37
merger of,229
playoff advertising revenue of,69–72
post-season player bonuses in,64–66
revenue sharing in,126t
SBA and,92–93
“Special Eligibility” rule of,90
stadiums,253
team relocations,250–51
team wage bill of,130f
(p. 514)
television rights relative to salaries,228–29
Total Revenues,124–25
value of yard gains in,207–9
WFL and,91
National Football League Players Association (NFLPA),124
National Hockey Association,160
National Hockey League (NHL).See also Stanley Cup Actual Club
Salary,127–28
additional referees in,167–69
attendance and violence in,163–66
fines in,159
foreign players in,28
formation of,160
free agency in,166
grunt players in,166
history of violence in,160–62
Hockey Related Revenues,124–25
overtime games in,177–78
overtime rule changes in,178–80
overtime rule statistics,186t
point-award parameters in,181–82
point schemes in,180t
post-season player bonuses in,64–66
regulation play,183–84
revenue sharing in,126t
suspensions in,159
team wage bill of,132f
violence in,159–60
work stoppages,185
National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA),124
National Hot Rod Association (NHRA),322
National Invitational Tournament (NIT),373–74, 379–80
analysis of,386–89
benefits of,387f
empirical strategy and,380–82
impact of attendance of,379–80
National Labor Relations Board,102
NBA.See National Basketball Association
NBC.See National Broadcasting Company
NCAA Football,230
Neale, Walter,318
network revenues
growth in,226–29
least-squares estimate of,231
NASCAR,325t
Olympics and,426
revenue sharing and,232–41
size of,242–43
Newbert, Scott L.,207
New England Sports Ventures,68t
New Hampshire International Speedway,322
New Jersey Devils,66
New Jersey Nets,72
New York Knicks,132–33
NFC.See National Football Conference
NFL.See National Football League
NFL Sunday Ticket,254
NHL.See National Hockey League
NHRA.See National Hot Rod Association
Nicklaus, Jack,240
Nielsen ratings.See television ratings
NIT.See National Invitational Tournament
NL.See National League
North America, promotion-and-relegation system in,31–32
North American Sports Network (NASN),93
North Carolina State,360
Northwestern University,355–56
Oanda,310
Oceania Football Confederation (OFC),450
OCR.See Office of Civil Rights
OFC.See Oceania Football Confederation
Office of Civil Rights (OCR),407–9
Ohio League,247
Oklahoma State University,343
Olajuwon, Hakeem,152
Oliver, Dean,198
OLS.See ordinary least squares
Olympic Partner Programme (TOP),425
Olympics,425–27
announcement of,433–44
background of,427–31
basketball,461
cost of,427
economic impact of,427
employment and,428
housing prices and,432–33
leisure participation and,433
Los Angeles, 1984426
NBC and,425
revenues,426t
Sydney, 2000431
Open de France ALSTOM,306
open leagues,4. See also promotion-and-relegation system
competitive balance in,31
practical implications of,12–15
open-wheel racing,321
options clauses,127
ordinary least squares (OLS),144
Ottawa Senators,160
outcome uncertainty.See uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis
overtime games
empirical analysis of,185–91
framework of,180–84
literature review of,184–85
in NHL,177–78
rule changes in,178–80
Pacific Coast League,117–18
Paige, Rodney,408
Palmer, Arnold,240
Palmer, Pete,199
Palomino, Frédéric,233
Pan, David W.,378–79
pareto distribution,7–8
Partridge, Mark D.,145
pensions,102–3
Percentage Baseball (Cook, E.),198
performance data,283
Peterson, Steven P.,354
Petty, Richard,319
PGA.See Professional Golfers Association
Philadelphia Phillies,65
Philip Morris,230
Pickens, T. Boone,358
Plato,365
player bonuses.See also prizes
in playoff finals,66t
(p. 516)
for post-season play,64–66
signing,127
players.See also foreign players
career length of, in GBL,489–90
collegiate,340
grunt,166
locally born,266
local quotas,465–67
after participating in World Cup finals,459–64
playoffs.See also post-season play
advertising revenue and,69–72
champion effect and,52
contradictions in,73
EPL,52
parity in,73
player bonuses in,66t
Plummer, M. K.,428
Pocono Raceway,322
Poisson regression models,203
portfolio theory,213
post-season play. See also March Madness; playoffs
Moneyball science in,73
player bonuses for,64–66
prizes,61–64
POWERade series,322
Prat, Andrea,151
Price, Joseph,144
Primera Liga,290
Princeton University,247
The Principles of Scientific Management (Chadwick),198
Prinz, J.,490
prizes.See also player bonuses
in individualistic contests,8
PGA,308–9
post-season play,61–64
in team-sport contests,9
probability distribution function (PDF),56
probability theory,198
Pro Bowl All-Star game,229
product market regulations,282
Professional Golfers Association (PGA)
championship,304
championship distribution,240–41
data,307–10
fall tour,305
major events,304
membership in,302–3
prizes,308–9
sports economics and,302
tour,303–7
profit maximization
champion effect and,53
competitive balance and,38–44
equilibrium with win-maximization,39f
leagues,38
optimal competitive balance and,46–47
retain-and-transfer system and,47
revenue sharing and,48
salary caps and,122
promotion-and-relegation system,3–4, 10–13. See also open leagues
competitive balance in,31–33
criticism of,14–15
fan excitement in,14
geographic differences in,31–32
inclusiveness in,14
SDWPCT in,33
protectionism,145
Protective Association of Professional Baseball Players,100–101
psychology,365
Pulsinelli, Robert W.,352
Pyle, C. C.,248
QFV. See Quirk, Fort, and Vrooman model
quantitative analysis,198–214
Quirk, Fort, and Vrooman model (QFV),52
Quirk/Fort model,42
R. J. Reynolds,320
Race to Dubai,306
Rather, Dan,365
Ratings Percentage Index (RPI),378
Reagan, Ronald,407
Real Madrid,68
recruitment, of student athletes,364
red cards,488
Rees, Daniel,354
Regional Input-Output Multiplier System (RIMS II),476–77
regional sports networks (RSN),69
regression analysis,284
regulation play, framework of,183–84
relative entropy,24
reserve clause,84–86
collusion and,99
labor market theories and,107–9
origin of,97–99
production function analysis and,202
Sherman Act and,102
union opposition to,100–103
resource-picking,287
restrictions on entry,90–92
retain-and-transfer system,47
revenues. See also institutional revenues; network revenues
Big Five leagues, 289t
NASCAR,324–28
Olympics and, 426t
optimal competitive balance and,44–45
playoff advertising,69–72
redistribution of,10
salary caps and,119–22
team,4–5
World Cup,450
revenue sharing
in closed systems,12–13
defined,126t
in HFL,126t
invariance proposition and,48
league cooperation and,81–82
media rights and,73
NASCAR,326–27
in NBA,126t
network revenues and,232–41
in NHL,126t
non-cash inducements and,126
product market regulations and,282
salaries counted towards,127t
salary caps and,118
revolving,97–98
Reynolds, Gretchen,365
Richmond International Raceways,326
rings,66
Riordan, J.,435
risk aversion,215
rivalries,81
Rizzo, Fernando,310
Roberts, Robin,103
Robinson-Patman Act,92
Rockerbie, Duane W.,184
Rogers, John,247
Rolex Sports Car series,322
Rooney, Art,248
Roosevelt, Theodore,247
Rose, A.,429
Ross, Stephen M.,234
roster size,90
RPI.See Ratings Percentage Index
RSN.See regional sports networks
Rudi, Joe,109
Rugby World Cup,438
rules. See also overtime rules changes, in
enforcement, violence and,167–69
overtime changes, in NHL,178–80
referee,488
violence and,163
rules-of-thumb,199
Ruseski, J.,435
Rutgers University,247
Ryder Cup,306
Sacerdote, Bruce,367
Sackrowitz, Harold B.,201
Sahi, S.,207
Sákovics, József,233
salaries. See also wages
American Baseball Guild and,102–3
counted towards revenue sharing,127t
determination of,128
Federal League and,101–2
MLB CBA and,87
after participating in World Cup finals,459–64
referee,489
Rookie Scale,128
soccer,464
television rights relative to,228–29
toting up,127–28
violence and,166
salary caps
in Big Five leagues,133
CBAs and,124–26
effect on competitive balance of,28–29
hard,119–20
incentives and,134
literature on,119–24
NL,117–18
revenues and,119–22
talent and,123
winning percentage and,121–22
San Antonio Spurs,72
San Francisco 49 ers,223
Saposnik, Rubin,251
Saturday Night Game of the Week,225
SBA. See Sports Broadcasting Act
SCCA. See Sports Car Club of America
Schmidly, David,353
Schmidt, Martin,198
Schmidt, P.,203
Schnepel, Kevin T.,354
scholarships,343
Schramm, Tex,199
Schurr, K. Terry,379
Schwartz, Jeremy,331
Schwertman, Neil C.,378
scientific evaluation technique,52
SDWPCT. See standard deviation of win percentage
Seitz, Peter,105–6
Selection Sunday,374
Seymour, Harold,111
Shanahan, Mike,232
Shannon, Claude E.,236
Shannon, K. Mitchell,354
Shapiro, Stephen,378
shared experience, within teams,285–86
sharing-cap plan,118
Sheehan, Richard,134
Shenandoah University,363
Sherer, Peter D.,144–45
Sherman Act,82–85
blackout restrictions and,226
reserve clause and,102
SBA and,92–93
team relocations and,251
Shibe, Ben,247
Shields, M. A.,435
shirking,143
Shubik, M.,207
signing bonuses,127
Skoglund, H. P.,248
Sky Sports Football Yearbook,266
Smaby, Timothy,366
Smith, D. Randall,362
Smith, DeMaurice,254
Smith, Janet Kilholm,145
Smith, R.,283
Smith, Tyler,378
Smith v. Pro Football, Inc.,89
SMRI. See Sports Management Research Institute
Snow, Arthur,380
soccer. See also specific leagues
coaching efficiency in,283
free agency in,260–63
penalties,488
referee rules,488
salaries,464
shootouts in,185
youth development of,291–93
social-welfare functions,45–46
Sommers, Paul M.,301
South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL),450
Spalding, Albert,98
SPC. See Standard Player Contract
“Special Eligibility” rule, NFL,90
specialization,145–46
spectators. See fans
Spiegel, M.,429
Spiro, Richard,144–45
Sports Broadcasting Act (SBA),92–93
Sports Car Club of America (SCCA),322
sports economics,302
Sports Management Research Institute (SMRI),473
sports-scholarship partnership,349–50
St. Louis Cardinals,63
Stair, A.,252
standard deviation of win percentage (SDWPCT),21–22
in EPL,33
idealized,27
in MLB,28–29
(p. 520)
in promotion-and-relegation system,33
Standard Player Contract (SPC),127
stare decisis,104
Stark, Oded,152
Starr, Bart,242
STATA,438
STATS, Inc.,201
Steeg, Jim,473
Stekler, H. O.,378
Stevens Institute of Technology,363
Stewart, Tony,321
Stiroh, Kevin,143
strikes, in MLB,104
StubHub,470
substitute effect,475–76
Suggs, Welch,367
Sullivan, E. T.,341
Super Bowl,229
capacity constraints and,477
crowding out at,476
empirical studies of,478–81
employment patterns and,478–79
intangible effects of,481–82
locations,475t
player bonuses,64–65
rings,66
stadiums and,473
substitute effect and,475–76
taxes and,479–80
ticket distribution,476
tickets, 470t
tourism and,482
suspensions, in NHL,159
Süssmuth, B.,455
Swarthmore College,366
Swinnen, Johan F. M.,184–85
Tampa Bay Rays,65
taxes.See also luxury taxes
competitive-balance,127–28
hobby losses and,234–35
Hunter and,105–6
network broadcast revenue sharing and,233–35
sales,353
Super Bowl and,479–80
transfer fees and,141
Taylor, George,103
Taylor, Gordon,465
Taylor, Harry,100
Taylorism,198
TBS. See Turner Broadcasting System
team owners, network broadcast revenue sharing and,233–35
teams
asymmetry of,12
competitive balance defense and,10
continuity,72
culture of illegality in,168
diversity within,150–52
dominance of,66–68
in global labor market,138–40
internationalization of,465–67
large-market,44
NASCAR,318–19
national,461
network broadcast revenue sharing and,233–35
quality measurements of,283–85
relocation of,250–51
(p. 521)
revenues,4–5
shared experiences within,285–86
small-market,44
wild-card,73–74
television rights. See also media rights
collusion in sale of,92–93
FIFA,452
NASCAR,323
NCAA and,342–43
Olympics,426
relative to salaries,228–29
UCL,63
Terry, N.,252
Tervio, M.,264
Thamel, Pete,352
Thayer, Mark A.,379
Theil, Henri,236
Theiler, Philipp,185
Thomas, Dennis,260
Thorpe, Jim,247
tickets
as club-revenue function variable,40
Tierney, Michael,368
time series econometrics,30
Timmer, C.,203
Toma, J. Douglas,377
Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc.,85
TOP. See Olympic Partner Programme
Toronto Arenas,160
total effort,8
tourism, Super Bowl and,482
transparency, in NCAA,340
Treaty of Rome,290
Trevino, L. J.,361
Turner, Sarah E.,357
Turner Broadcasting System (TBS),228
two-team model,121
UCL. See UEFA Champions’ League
UCLA. See University of California, Los Angeles
UEFA. See Union for European Association
UEFA Champions’ League (UCL),57452464
competitive balance in,72
final,472
playoff rules, 60t
qualification for,289
television rights,63
UFL.See United Football League
uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis (UOH),5–6, 18–20
ACB and,26
CBR and,22
future directions for,34
maximizing,44
NASCAR and,328–30
research,29–30
Rottenberg and,20–21
Union for European Association (UEFA),57
Bosman ruling and,263
transfer fees and,261–62
(p. 522)
World Cup host country selection and,450
United Football League (UFL),250
United States, “blood lust” effect in,165
United States Automobiles Club (USAC),321–22
United States v. National Football League et al.,226
United Steelworkers Union,103
University of Alabama,411
University of Connecticut,353
University of Miami,360
University of New Mexico,353
Univisión,452
UOH. See uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis
Upton, Jodi,351
urban planning,427
USAC.See United States Automobiles Club
USFL. See Unites States Football League
US Open (PGA),304
Utah Jazz,72
utility function, of spectators,45
Valletti, Tommaso,10–11
Valvano, Jim,360
Vander Hill, C. Warren,144–45
variance,21
Veal, A. J.,431
Ventura, Jesse,250
Veraros, N. E.,428
Verizon,254
Vincent, C.,463
violence
acceptance of,173
attendance and,163–66
demand for,166
enforcement and,167–69
fans and,162–63
history of, in NHL,160–62
likelihood estimates of, 172t
literature on,162–63
measures of,164–66
models of,169–70
NCAA formation and,344
in NHL,159–60
in non-hockey sports,173–74
rules and,163
salaries and,166
win percentage and,169–70
Volvo Masters,307
Wald test,492
Wales,266–78
Walls, Thomas L.,379
Wall Street Journal,326
Walras fixed-supply conjecture,42
Walt Disney Company,228
Walton, H. A.,430
Ward, Arch,248
Ward, John Montgomery,100
Weersink, Alfons,184–85
Wernerfelt, B.,284
Western Kentucky University,352
WFL.See World Football League
WHA.See World Hockey Association
Wiendl, A.,490
Williams, Edward Bennett,232
Williams, Kevin,254–55
Williams, Pat,254–55
Williams, Ted,102
Wilson, J. O. S.,265
win distribution,21
win maximization
competitive balance and,38–44
equilibrium with profit-maximization,39f
leagues,38
optimal competitive balance and,46–47
retain-and-transfer system and,47
revenue sharing and,48
small-market teams and,44
winner's curse,110
winning effort,8
winning percentage,41–42, 164
as club-revenue function variable,40
in NCAA,381
salary caps and,121–22
violence and,169–70
Winston Cup series,320
Winter, Max,248
WLAF. See World League of American Football
Wolfers, Justin,144
Wood, William,331
Woods, Tiger,240
work stoppages, NHL,185
World Cup,427437 449–50
attendance after hosting,456–57
benefits from participating in,459–64
economic benefits of hosting,453–56
employment patterns and,454
fan benefits of hosting,456–58
host countries,451t
host country selection,450–53
intangible effects of,455
winners,451t
World Hockey Association (WHA),161
World League of American Football (WLAF),250
World Match Play,307
World Wrestling Federation,250
wrestling (professional),173
Wunnava, Phanindra V.,355
XFL,250
Yahoo!,310
Yankee paradox,53–54
yard gains, value of,207–9
Yates, Andrew,168
yellow cards,488
youth development, in soccer,291–93
Yugoslavia,146
Zak, Thomas A.,202
Zengerle, Jason,353
Zermelo's Theorem,197
Zimmer, Charley,100
Zimmer, Timothy,378
