This article concentrates on policies that are responses to crimes that fall within the purview of the “criminal justice system”: police, prosecutors, defense counsel, courts, juries, jails, and prisons, as well as alternatives to incarceration, including probation and parole. Successes in policing New York City must be a large part of the story of public safety in New York State. Federal and state constitutions shape the structure and practice of public safety policymaking, but local government charters also play some role. The new public safety functions do not fit the traditional categories of policing. The prospect of reform in public safety system performance in the state will depend on innovations that enable it to do more with less, always a political slogan, but often a hollow one.