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(p. 851) Index
(p. 851) Index
AAF. See Army Air Forces
Aamodt, Michael G., 531
Able Archer command-post exercise (1983), 151
ABM. See antiballistic missile system
Abou-Elmaati, Amed, 676
academic study, of national security, 138–41
access codes, 26
accountability, 627–753
in Australia, 682–85
in Canada, 673–98
DCI and, 721–22
dimensions of, 719–21
document, 26
ethics and, 735–53
future of, 732–33
goals of, 729–32
Intelligence Accountability Act, 499
politics of, 719–34
“process accountability,” 728–29
reforms and, 761–70
state secrets privilege and, 657–72
totalitarian regimes and, 736
in UK, 699–718
Ackerman, Ken, 507
Acquis Communautaire, 770
Acton, Lord, 27
Adams, John, 330
Adams, John Quincy, 330
Adams, Sam, 129–30
adaptive realism, 49
Addington, David S., 252
Adelman, Howard, 312
administrator-custodians, 491
AEF. See American Expeditionary Force
AFRICOM. See Africa Command
Aftergood, Steven, 234
aggressive bureaucratic competition, 365
AIC. See Australian Intelligence Community
aircraft
JSTARS, 428
Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Agency, 243
airport security, 19–20
alert systems, 66–67
Alexander, Keith B., 248–49
Allen, George, 722
Allen, Lew, 185
Allen, Richard, 182
Allhoff, Fritz, 744
Allison, Graham, 473
Almalki, Abdullah, 676
Alwan, Rafid Ahmed (“Curve Ball”), 18
American Historical Association, 418
American Historical Review (journal), 79
Ames, Aldrich Hazen
Amit, Meir, 820
Amnesty International, 321
analysis
analytical culture and, 457
analytic integrity officers, 419
Analyzing Intelligence (George, R., and Bruce, J.), 405
assessments of, 400–401
Bay of Pigs Invasion and, 359
competitive, 375–86
counterterrorism and, 401
crisis of, 359–74
DNI and, 412
ethics and, 417–20
future of, 409–13
intelligence estimates and, 444
performance measures for, 400–401
The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis (Heuer), 405
research and development for, 415–17
Studies in Intelligence and, 404
uncertainty and, 404–21
analytic integrity officers, 419
Analyzing Intelligence (George, R., and Bruce, J.), 405
“Anarchist Fighters,” 507
anarchists, 507–8
Anderson, George W., 179–80
Annan, Kofi, 282
antiballistic missile system (ABM), 132
ANZUS. See Australia-New Zealand-United States
Applebaum, Anne, 776
Arab-Americans, 271–72
Argell, Wilhelm, “When Everything is Intelligence, Nothing is Intelligence,” 722
Aristotle, 741
Arkin, William, 574
Armed Services, mission of, 112–14
Army Air Forces (AAF), 111
Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), 243
Army Knowledge Online, 415
Arnold, Henry, 562
Ashcroft, John, 251
ASIS. See Australian Secret Intelligence Service
al-Assad, Hafez, 816
assassinations
Church Committee and, 727
Ford, G., and, 180
Hitler and, 272–73
Israel and, 744
SIS and, 144
asset validation, 544–48
“asymmetric threat,” of terrorism, 455
Atom Spy, 555–66
Atta, Mohammed, 267
Attlee, Clement, 562
Augustine (saint), 741
AUMF. See Authorization to Use Military Force
Aum Shinrikyo movement, 834
Australia
accountability in, 682–85
(p. 853)
ANZUS and, 612
The Australian Intelligence and Security Services 1900-1950 (Templeton), 824
Australian Special Wireless Group, 825–26
codebreaking in, 825–26
national security of, 823–42
terrorism in, 834–40
UKUSA and, 825
in Vietnam War, 830
Australia-New Zealand-United States (ANZUS), 612
The Australian Intelligence and Security Services 1900-1950 (Templeton), 824
Australian Special Wireless Group, 825–26
authority, substantive, 605
Authorization to Use Military Force (AUMF), 337
autonomy, 48–49
Avant, Deborah D., 50
avian influenza, weaponization of, 382
Aviation Week (journal), 237
Avigur, Shaul, 807
Baginski, Maureen A., 248
Bagosora, Théoneste, 290
Baird, Zoe, 185
Baker, Norman, 651
Baker, William O., 176
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, 197
banking system, 38
Bank of Credit and Commerce International, 197
el-Banna, Jamil, 709
Barlow, Richard M., 667
Bartko, George “Dennis,” 249
Battle of Fallujah (2004), 247
Bay of Pigs Invasion
analysis and, 359
Bazarov, Boris, 509
Bean, Hamilton, 239
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, 609
Begin, Menahem, 811
belief perseverance, 366
Bell, Griffin, 513–14
Bell, Stewart, Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World, 312
Bell, William, 529
Bellah, Robert, 520
Ben-Menashe, Ari, Profits of War, 747
Beobachtungs-Dienst, 163–64
Berezovsky, Boris, 786
Berger, Samuel, 184
Berki, Robert N., 47
Best, Robert, 523
Betrayal and Deceit: The Politics of Canadian Immigration (Campbell), 312
Bevin, Ernest, 144
BfV. See Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz
“bidding back,” 303–6
Biddle, Charles J., 658
Bill of Rights, 745
Binnet, Max, 819
Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions, 203
BKA. See Bundeskriminalamt
Black, William, Jr., 305
black operations v. white operations, 575–77
“black sites,” of CIA, 51
Black Tom munitions terminal, 507
Blackwater USA, 299
Blamey, Thomas, 825
Bloomingdale, Alfred, 182
blow-back, 598–99
Blum, Eberhard, 792
BND. See Bundesnachrichtendienst
Board of National Estimates, 115
Bobkov, Fillip, 785
Boland Amendments, 748
Boren, David, 184
Borman, Frank, 182
Born, Hans, 745
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 281
Bowman, M. E. (“Spike”), 516
Brady v. Maryland 1963, 198–99
Brahimi Report, 282
brain drain, 303–6
brainstorming, 381
Brauner, Phyllis, 664
Brauner, William H., 663
Breaking the Codes (Ball and Horner), 825
Breaking the Phalanx (MacGregor), 417
Brooks, David, 399
Brown, Harold, 133
Brown, Wilson M., III, 664–65
Brown Commission, 386
Bruce, David K. E., 175
Bruce, James, Analyzing Intelligence, 405
Brugioni, Dino, 178
Brundrett, Frederick, 148
Bruner, Jerome, 399
Bulgaria, 763
Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), 803
Burkert, Walter, 519
Burma, 38
Bush, George H. W.
Butler, Robin, 458
Butler Committee, 461–62
Butler Report, 714
Byers, Wheaton, 179
By Way of Deception (Ostrovski), 747
Cairncross, Frances, 407
Cambodia, 721
Canada, 167–68
accountability in, 673–98
Afghanistan and, 675–76
Betrayal and Deceit: The Politics of Canadian Immigration (Campbell), 312
Canada's Immigration Policy (Collacott), 312
Canadian Car and Foundry Plant, 507
Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World (Bell), 312
FINTRAC and, 690
immigration in, 310–27
intelligence in, 314–16
9/11 attacks and, 674
oversight in, 678–81
parliamentary oversight in, 688–89
PSC and, 674
refugees in, 319–22
scandals in, 685–86
Who Gets In: What's Wrong with Canada's Immigration Program, and How to Fix It (Stoffman), 312
Canada's Immigration Policy (Collacott), 312
Canadian Car and Foundry Plant, 507
Cannon, Clarence, 498
capital-intensive economics, 363
Capone, Al, 355
Carlton, Eric, 519
Carns, Michael, 498
Carstens, Karl, 796
case officers, 550–51
Casey, William
congressional oversight and, 499
covert actions and, 131
politicization and, 721
Reagan and, 618–19
CAT. See Convention Against Torture
CATSA. See Canadian Air Transportation Safety Act
Cavanaugh, Thomas Patrick, 529
CBSA. See Canadian Border Services Agency
CCMR. See Center for Civil-Military Relations
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 813
Center for Army Lessons Learned, 417
Center for Naval Analyses, 386
Centers for Disease Control, 411
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
“black sites” of, 51
Bush, George W., and, 238
Central Intelligence Agency Act (1949), 486
Central Intelligence Bulletin, 496
Central Intelligence Group and, 486
culture of, 361–66
democratization of, 123
(p. 856)
drug experiments by, 236
Helms and, 721
HUMINT and, 362–64
Japan and, 363
9/11 attacks and, 123
NRO and, 115
Pahlavi and, 367–68
PFIAB and, 175
Al Qaeda and, 212–13
Reagan and, 131–32
recruitment and, 466
renditions and, 135
rise and fall of, 122–37
Strategic Intent 2007-2011, 730
treason cases in, 4
USSR and, 115
Central Intelligence Agency Act (1949), 486
Central Intelligence Bulletin (CIA), 496
Central Intelligence Group, 486
CFE. See Conventional Forces in Europe
Challenger shuttle, 352
Chandler, Douglas, 523
checks and balances, 669–72
Chernenko, Konstantin, 232
Chesney, Robert, 670
Chicago Tribune, 125
chief of station (COS), 9
Chilcot, John, 655
Chi Mek, 516
China. See People's Republic of China
Chinese-Taiwan dispute, 381
Chomeau, John, 727
CI. See counterintelligence
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
CIC. See Citizenship and Immigration Canada
CIPA. See Classified Information Procedures Act
civil-military relations (CMR), 757
Civil War, extradition and, 331–33
Clancy, Tom, 404
Clapper, James R., Jr., 633–34
Clarke, Carter, 564
Clegg, Hugh G., 124
Clemens, Hans, 794–95
Clemente, Jonathan, 737
climate change, 37–38
Clinton, Bill, 496
bin Laden and, 21–22
budget cuts by, 298
covert actions and, 448
former Yugoslavia and, 428
Netanyahu and, 820
Presidential Decision Directive 35 of, 92
CMR. See civil-military relations
CNA. See Computer Network Attack
Cockroft, John, 560
cognitive pathologies, 51, 453. See also biases
Betts and, 458–59
cognitive dissonance, 457
cognitive limits, 456–58
self-deception, 526
COI. See Office of Coordinator of Information
Colby, William E.
CI and, 540
congressional oversight and, 725
Honorable Men, 745
Iran and, 25
Kissinger and, 450
Rumsfeld and, 450
Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World (Bell), 312
Cold War
CI and, 539
computers and, 167–70
cooperation during, 219–20
FBI and, 512–13
intelligence estimates and, 149
Journal of Cold War Studies, 79
politicization and, 132
SIGINT in, 167–70
UK and, 138–54
Woolsey and, 13
Collacott, Martin, Canada's Immigration Policy, 312
Collection Requirements and Evaluation Staff (CRES), 92
collectivization, in USSR, 267
Collins, Susan, 631
Combined Bombing Offensive, 111
COMINT. See communications intelligence
commando operations, 111
Committee of Secret Foreign Correspondence, 258
Commonwealth Security Service (CSS), 825
communications intelligence (COMINT), 243
competition, and politicization, 459–60
Comprehensive Communications Act, 507
Computer Network Attack (CNA), 170
The Conduct of the Persian Gulf War (DOD), 220
Congress of Vienna, 408
Conklin, Jeff, 350
Connally, John B., 180
Conolly, Richard L., 176
Conquest, Robert, The Great Terror, 776
Constitutional issues
ethics and, 745
fifth amendment, 200
fourth amendment, 253
in Germany, 803–4
sixth amendment, 200
containment, 259
contingency analysis, 379
Contra faction
Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI), 239
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE), 149
Coolidge, Calvin, 508
Cooper, Yvette, 706–7
COS. See chief of station
counterfeiting, 23
counterintelligence (CI), 6
case studies of, 546–47
challenges of, 537–54
Colby and, 540
Cold War and, 539
Counterintelligence Enhancement Act (2002), 196
countersubversion as, 538
counterterrorism and, 552
definitions for, 537–40
DHS and, 538
FBI and, 505–17
(p. 859)
in Germany, 794–95
law enforcement and, 553–54
NSC and, 554
OSINT and, 236–37
reform of, 509–10
risk assessment and, 553
training in, 509–10
Counterintelligence Enhancement Act (2002), 196
counternarcotics enforcement, 197
countersubversion, 538
counterterrorism
analysis and, 401
CI and, 552
covert actions and, 604
Gates and, 580
homeland security and, 60–62
Policy Counterterrorism Evaluation Group, 462
SOF and, 576 t
in USSR, 787
courts, and intelligence, 651
covert actions, 23–25, 72
Casey and, 131
v. clandestine, 570
Clinton and, 448
counterterrorism and, 604
failures of, 622
GWOT and, 572–73
by Israel, 817–20
Kennedy, J. F., and, 448
Kissinger and, 619
law enforcement and, 196
National Security Act and, 590–95
Pentagon-style, 569–86
policymakers and, 613–19
strengths and weakness of, 608–25
TECHINT and, 588
Turner and, 25
in UK, 142–45
Covey, Stephen M. R., 520
criminal statutes, 201–7
crippies, 167
crisis, of analysis, 359–74
Croatian Republican Brotherhood, 828
cross-border raids, 591
Crown Prosecution Service, 641
Cryptologia (journal), 4
CSIS. See Canadian Security Intelligence Service
CSS. See Commonwealth Security Service
CUI. See Controlled Unclassified Information
Cunningham, Randy “Duke,” 305
Cyprus, 291
Czech Republic, 785
Dalai Lama, 751
Dallaire, Roméo, 288–90
d'Aquina, Iva Toguri (“Tokyo Rose”), 523
Dar, Avraham, 818–19
Darden, Colgate, 175
Daugherty, Harry, 508
Davis, Jack, 379
Davis, Legrome D., 665
DCI. See Director of Central Intelligence
DEA. See Drug Enforcement Administration
Deane, Silas, 608
Dearlove, Richard, 144–45
defense attachés, 423
Defense Civilian Intelligence Personnel System, 634
Defense Human Resources Activity (DHRA), 525
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
mission of, 422–23
Defense Mapping Agency, 425
DeFreitas, John, III, 248
Deleon, Linda, 732
Deletant, Dennis, 760
Delta Force, 577
democracies
in developing world, 757–73
in Eastern Europe, 761–63
OSS and, 72–73
Secrecy and Democracy (Turner), 237
Denmark, 355
Denning, T., 699–700
deontological theory, 741
Department of Defense (DOD), 197
The Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 220
DNI and, 423–24
intelligence in, 422–34
ODNI and, 432–33
TECHINT and, 424–25
Department of Energy (DOE), 185
Department of Homeland Security (DHS). See also homeland security
CI and, 538
law enforcement and, 195–97
OSINT and, 231
private sector and, 301
Dershowitz, Alan, 743–44
Descazes, Rosario, 265
design considerations, 351 t
de-Stalinization, 777
Detainee Treatment Act, 270
DHRA. See Defense Human Resources Activity
DHS. See Department of Homeland Security
DI. See Directorate of Intelligence
DIA. See Defense Intelligence Agency
Diana (princess of Wales), 144
Dilks, David, 140
Dillinger, John, 509
Diplomatic History (journal), 79
diplomatic immunity, 202
Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE), 611–12
Directorate of Support (DS), 11
Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
analysis and, 412
Bush, George W., 731
DOD and, 423–24
9/11 attacks and, 429–30
reforms and, 465
DIS. See Defense Intelligence Staff
discovery rules, 198
disgruntlement, 530–33
disruptive technologies, 108–9
dissemination
compartmentalization and, 552–53
Gates and, 21
intelligence cycle and, 436–501
policymakers and, 437–51
politicization and, 472–84
DNI. See Director of National Intelligence
DO. See Directorate of Operations
document accountability, 26
DOD. See Department of Defense
DOE. See Department of Energy
Dole, Bob, 281
“dominant battlespace awareness,” 453
Donald, D., 50
Donohue, Laura, 47
Doolittle Committee, 587
The Double-Cross System (Masterman), 551
Dover, Robert, 50
Drucker, Peter, 412
drug experiments, by CIA, 236
DS. See Directorate of Support
DSD. See Defense Signals Directorate
DS&T. See Directorate of Science and Technology
Dulles, Allen W.
OSS and, 272–73
Dunlap, Jack, 178
Duquesne, Frederick, 510
Dzershinsky, Feliks, 775
Echelon program, 456
ECHR. See European Convention on Human Rights
Economic Espionage Act (1996), 524
economic treason, 524
E Ct HR. See European Court of Human Rights
Ehrlichman, John, 496
Elad, Avraham, 818–19
ELINT. See electronic intelligence
Ellison, Graham, 50
embassy attacks, by Al Qaeda, 34
Encounter (journal), 127
encryption, 408
Encyclopedia Britannica, 81
Entente, 158–59
Erhard, Ludwig, 796
Erickson, Richard, 679
Espionage Cases 1974-2004 (PERSEREC), 525
estimates. See intelligence estimates
ethics
accountability and, 735–53
analysis and, 417–20
Constitutional issues and, 745
“Ethics Phobia in the U.S. Intelligence Community” (Goldman), 750
intelligence and, 51–52
literature on, 745–48
policymakers and, 739
professional codes of, 737–38
test cases of, 739–40
“Ethics Phobia in the U.S. Intelligence Community” (Goldman), 750
ethnocentricity, 361–62
Europe
European Court of Human Rights (E Ct HR), 649–52
Evans, Don, 186
Evans, Garth, 830
Evans, Jonathan, 46
Every Spy a Prince (Raviv and Melman), 747
evil, organizational, 737
expanded targets, of treason, 523–24
Eytan, Walter, 817
facilitative power, 47
Fairless, Benjamin, 176
Fall, Albert B., 508
Falun Gong, 35
FAS. See Federation of American Scientists
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBIS. See Foreign Broadcast Information Service
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 7, 96, 109n1
(p. 863)
Carter, Jimmy, and, 513
Church Committee and, 722
CI and, 505–17
Cold War and, 512–13
domestic spying and, 510–13
FISC and, 731
history of, 505–17
KGB and, 512–16
PFIAB and, 175
Roosevelt, F., and, 509
Wilson, W., and, 506
Federal Communications Commission, 507
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 200
Federal Security Service (FSB), 784–87
Federal Tort Claims Act, 658–59
Fedochuk, Vitaliy, 781
Fedorenko, Sergey, 527
Felfe, Heinz, 794–95
FIA. See Future Imagery Architecture
fiduciary relationships, 413–15
Figes, Orlando, The Whisperers, 776
financial crisis (2008), 242–43
financial topics, 7
Financial Transactions and Report Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), 690
1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force), 577
Fischer, Benjamin, 781
FISINT. See foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
FLIR. See forward-looking infrared
Floyd, “Pretty Boy,” 509
Foertsch, Volker, 797
FOIA. See Freedom of Information Act
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 71
force protection, 538
Ford, Gerald
assassinations and, 180
“Family Jewels” expose and, 450
HUMINT and, 180–81
politicization and, 119
Ford, Harold, 729
Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act (1998), 334
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 461
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT), 243
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978) (FISA)
amendments to, 209
Hayden, M., and, 252
violations of, 250–52
wiretap and, 193–94
For Official Use Only (FOUO), 239
Forschungsamt, 160–61
forward-looking infrared (FLIR) cameras, 279
FOUO. See For Official Use Only
Francis, Diane, Immigration: The Economic Case, 311–12
Franks, Tommy, 428
Frauenknecht, Alfred, 812
Freedman, Lawrence, 380
free market ideology, 363–64
Fremont, John, 332
Freud, Sigmund, 439
Friedman, Stephen, 185–86
From Russia, With Love (Fleming), 268
FSB. See Federal Security Service (FSB)
Fukuyama, Francis, 520
Future Imagery Architecture (FIA), 302–3
Gadahn, Adam, 528
GAO. See General Accountability Office
Gast, Gabriele, 797
Gauk Commission, 783
Gayler, Noel, 19
Gaza Strip, 810
GC&CS. See Government Code & Cypher School
GCHQ. See Government Communications Headquarters
Gehlen, Reinhard, 792–96
General Intelligence Division (GID), 507–8
Geneva Conventions
Guantanamo Detention Center and, 726
GEOINT. See geospatial intelligence
George, Alexander, 380
Germany
CI in, 794–95
Constitutional issues in, 803–4
Israel and, 797
parliamentary oversight in, 791
unification of, 799–801
wiretap in, 796
in WWI, 506–7
Ghaddafi, Muammar, 144
gIBIS. See graphical Issues Based Information System
Gibli, Binyamin, 819
GID. See General Intelligence Division
Giglio v. US 1972, 198–99
Gillars, Mildred, (“Axis Sally”), 523
glasnost, 778
Glass Ceiling Study, 133
“global brain,” 63
global era intelligence, 212–25
Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)
covert actions and, 572–73
McConnell and, 580
National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism and, 579
UK and, 648–49
Globke, Hans, 793
Godfrey, John, 217
Gold, Harry, 565
Gonzales, Alberto R., 251–52
Goodman, Melvin, 729
Gore Commission, 722
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (UK)
(p. 865)
DSD and, 827
Fuchs and, 562
SIGINT and, 641–43
statutory charter of, 640–41
GPS. See global positioning systems
Graham, Bob, 296
graphical Issues Based Information System (gIBIS), 350
Gravier, Charles, 608–9
Great Depression, 125
Greater Toronto Enforcement Center (GTEC), 317
The Great Terror (Conquest), 776
Greenglass, David, 512
grey intelligence, 231
Grieve, Dominic, 714
GTEC. See Greater Toronto Enforcement Center
Guadalcanal, 166
Guantanamo Detention Center
Geneva Conventions and, 726
Kurnaz and, 802
Mohamed, B., and, 709–10
private sector intelligence and, 300
Guideon's Spies (Thomas), 747
Guillaume, Gunter, 219
Guiora, Amos, 744
Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 776
Gulf of Tonkin incident, 480–81
GWOT. See Global War on Terrorism
Gyngell, Allan, 829
habeus corpus, 200
Habyarimana, Juvénal, 288–89
Hadley, Stephen, 635–36
Haganah, 807
Haines, Gerald, 76
Haldeman, H. R., 496
Hale, Nathan, 258–59
Hale Foundation, 173
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 336
Handel, Michael I., 372
Hanning, August, 799–800
Hanssen, Robert
Cherkashin and, 263
Harding, Warren, 508
Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 372
Harman, Jane, 631
Hastedt, Glenn, 49
Hawke, Bob, 830–31
Helgerson, John, 724
Hennessy, P., 45–46
Hermann, Robert, 185
“The Hero” (Pushkin), 23
Herring, Patricia Reynolds, 663–64
Heusinger, Adolf, 793
high treason v. petit treason, 520–21
hijacking, 192
Hince, Lawrence, 124
history
classified documents as, 78
Diplomatic History (journal), 79
of FBI, 505–17
of PDB, 78
of spying, 258–61
Hocking, Jenny, 837
Hoffman, Bruce, 743
Hollis, Roger, 560
Holmes v. Jennison, 330
homeland security
counterterrorism and, 60–62
homosexuals, 133
Hong Kong, 146
Honorable Men (Colby), 745
Hoover, J. Edgar
MI5 and, 564–65
Hopkinson, Francis, 658
Houghton, Harry, 533
Hoxha, Enver, 144
Huettenhain, Erich, 164
Hughes, Charles Evans, 333
Hull, John E., 176
human intelligence (HUMINT)
CIA and, 362–64
Ford, G., and, 180–81
Israel and, 810
NATO and, 769–70
OSS and, 111
v. TECHINT, 17–19
Human Rights Act (1998), 648–53
Human Rights Project, “Torture by Proxy,” 334
Human Rights Watch Arms Project, 288
human security v. national security, 49
Hume, David, 456
HUMINT. See human intelligence
Hunter, Duncan, 631
Huntington, Samuel, 520
Hussein, Saddam
Kuwait and, 229
Hutu people, 288–90
IBIS. See Issues Based Information System
ICBM. See Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
ICC. See International Criminal Court
ideologies, and treason, 527–28
IDF. See Israel Defense Forces
IEDs. See improvised explosive devices
IG. See Office of the Inspector General
IJN. See Imperial Japanese Navy
IMINT. See imagery intelligence
Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), 166–67
improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 247
in camera inspection, 662
industrial warfare, 407
information-gathering spectrum, for UN, 280 t
information-processing models, 349–51
Information Security (INFOSEC), 243
INFOSEC. See Information Security
“inherent enemies,” 453–54
Inman, Bobby Ray, 304
In-Q-Tel, 299
INR. See Bureau of Intelligence and Research
INSCOM. See Army Intelligence and Security Command
insider administrators, 492
Institute for Defense Analyses, 386
institutional checks and balances, reforms of, 669–72
institutional orthodoxies, 459–60
intelligence. See also intelligence community; intelligence cycle; intelligence estimates; military intelligence
in Canada, 314–16
COMINT and, 243
courts and, 651
in developing democracies, 757–73
in DOD, 422–34
ethics and, 51–52
FISINT and, 243
in global era, 212–25
governance and, 47–48
grey, 231
in Guatemala, 766
historiography of, 140–42
limits of, 452–71
peer review of, 723
of PKI, 275–96
public use of, 474–76
in Russian Federation, 774–89
structures of, 49–50
theories of intelligence performance, 87–92
in US, rise of, 107–21
war and, 781–82
“When Everything is Intelligence, Nothing is Intelligence” (Argell), 722
wisdom and, 736–38
Intelligence Accountability Act, 499
Intelligence Assessments Staff (UK), 642
intelligence cycle, 6, 11–21, 12 f, 59
dissemination, 436–501
HUMINT v. TECHINT and, 17–19
planning, 12–15
of UN, 278–82
intelligence estimates, 90–92, 396
analysis and, 444
Board of National Estimates, 115
during Cold War, 149
Johnson, L. B., and, 370
Reagan and, 371
semi-annual reviews of, 723
Truman and, 112
Intelligence Identities Protection Act, 192
Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB), 180–81
Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Herman), 139
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (2004) (IRTPA)
reforms and, 419
intellipedia, 415
International Assessment Staff, 675
international collaboration, 212–25
International Criminal Court (ICC), 207
internationalism, 39
international research, 758–59
International Review Agencies Conference, 53
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 222–23
internment, wartime, 558
interpersonal skills, 396–400
intuition, 396–400
IOB. See Intelligence Oversight Board
Iraq
(p. 869)
IRBMs. See intermediate-range ballistic missiles
Irish Quick Reaction Force (QRF), 201
IRPA. See Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
ISA. See Israeli Security Agency
ISAF. See International Security Assistance Force
ISC. See Intelligence and Security Committee
Israel
assassinations and, 744
covert actions by, 817–20
Eastern Europe and, 810
Germany and, 797
Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence (Kahana), 747
HUMINT and, 810
Iran and, 368–69
Iran-Contra scandal and, 747
Islamist movements in, 810
KGB and, 812
SIGINT in, 809
US and, 94
Issues Based Information System (IBIS), 350
Jackson, Robert, 511
James, Daniel, 533
Jane's Intelligence Digest, 764
Janis, Irving R., 378
Jay Treaty, 330
Al Jazeera, 233
Jedburgh teams, 216–17
Jefferson, Thomas, 329
Jemmah Islamiyah, 834
Jencks Act, 198–99
JFK (film), 84
JIC. See Joint Intelligence Committee
jihad, 263
Jihad, Abu, 817
JIO. See Joint Intelligence Organization
JMACs. See Joint Mission Analysis Cells
John Paul II (pope), 183
Johnson, Lyndon B., 22, 116, 118, 128–30, 495
intelligence estimates and, 370
McCone and, 443
PRC and, 178
Johnston, Rob, 467
joint-duty assignments, 634
Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB), 140
Joint Intelligence-Law Enforcement Working Group (JICLE), 197
Joint Intelligence Operations Center, 223
Joint Intelligence Organization (JIO), 145–46
Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), 577–81
Joint Task Force on Intelligence and Law Enforcement, 197
Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC), 653
Jones, Brian, 707
Journal of Cold War Studies, 79
JSOC. See Joint Special Operations Command
JSTARS aircraft, 428
JTAC. See Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre
judicial finality, 663
judicial independence, 666–69
judicial oversight, in UK, 648
Kahana, Ephraim, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence, 747
Kamil, Hussein, 380
Kant, Immanuel, 741
Karadzic, Radovan, 92
Katsav, Moshe, 820
Keating, Paul, 830–31
Keegan, John, 454
Kelly, “Machine Gun,” 509
Kennan, George, 259
Kennedy, Joseph P., 175–76
Kennedy, Robert, 450
Kent, Sherman
Kenya, 207
Kerr, Richard, 495
Kerry, John, 445
key assumptions checks, 379
Keynes, John Maynard, 263
KGB
breakup of, 783–84
FBI and, 512–16
Fuchs and, 559
glasnost and, 778
Israel and, 812
Khrushchev and, 777
Philby and, 144
Khan, Mohammad Siddique, 708–9
Khrushchev, Nikita, 129, 147, 261
Communist Party and, 777
KGB and, 777
Mossad and, 817
Penkovsky and, 261
Kibbe, Jennifer D., 571–72
Killian, James R., Jr., 176–78
Kimball, Wilmoore, 145
Kimmel, Husband E., 729
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 113
King Lear (Shakespeare), 518–19
Kita, Yoshito, 747
KJs. See key judgments
Knight, Amy, 774
Knox, Frank, 729
Kohl, Helmut, 799–800
Kolbe, Fritz, 272–73
Koval, George, 787
Kremer, Simon, 559
Kriegsmarine, 164
Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 778
Kuala Lumpur, 20
Kuklinski, Ryszard, 83
Ku Klux Klan, 27
Kulik, Grigory, 779
Kurnaz, Murat, 802
Lackawanna Muslims, 271
Laird, Melvin, 304
Lalas, Steven, 542
Land, Edwin, 180
Landau Commission, 811
Laquer, Walter, 348
Lauth, Jeff, 249
Lavon, Pinhas, 818–19
law enforcement
CI and, 553–54
complexities in, 353–55
constraints on, 61–62
covert actions and, 196
DHS and, 195–97
JICLE and, 197
Joint Task Force on Intelligence and Law Enforcement, 197
leadership typology, 490–94
Lebanon, 277
le Carré, John, A Most Wanted Man, 802
Lee, Charles, 329
Lee, Wen Ho, 185
legal practice, 603–4
legal regime, of US, 590–98
legal templates, 600–604
Legare, Hugh, 330
Levin, Carl, 631
Lewis, Anthony, 24
Liberal National Party Coalition, 824
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 323–24
Liddell, Guy, 511
Lie, Trygve, 283
Lieberman, Joseph, 631
Lincoln, Abraham, 331–32
Lincoln, Franklin, 180
Lindh, John Walker, 281
Lisbon Summit (1952), 147
Litvinenko, Aleksandr, 787
Lloyd George, David, 370
Loader, I., 48
Loether, Judith, 663
logistics, 376
Lotz, Wolfgang, 808
Lovett, Robert A., 176
low-probability scenarios, 381
loyalty testing, 27
LTTE. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Luftwaffe, 164
Lycurgus, 519
MacEachin, Douglas, 384
MacGregor, Douglas, Breaking the Phalanx, 417
Madrid train bombing, 261
Malaya, 143
manager-reformers, 492–93
Mann Act, 506
Mao Tse Tung, 146
Marks, James, 800
Marrin, Stephen, 737
Martin, Paul, 675
MASINT. See measurement and signatures intelligence
el-Masri, Khaled, 743
Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 144
Masterman, John C., The Double-Cross System, 551
Matei, Cristiana, 747
May, Alan Nunn, 559–60
Mazière, Thomas de, 802
McCain Amendment, 270
McCarthy, Joseph, 721
McClellan, George B., 391
(p. 872)
McConnell, J. M. “Mike”
eavesdropping program and, 251
GWOT and, 580
KJs and, 444
processing and, 19
Vision, 214
McDonald, David, 685
McFarlane, Robert, 182
McGrory, Mary, 73
McKinley, Andrew, 715
McKnight, David, 826
McLellan, Anne, 675
McNamara, Barbara, 304
McQuivey, James, 530
media coverage, 37
medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), 150
Medvedev, Dmitry, 787
Meir, Golda, 816
Melman, Yossi, Every Spy a Prince, 747
Membership Action Plan, of NATO, 770
Memorandum of Notification (MON), 594
Merkel, Angela, 800–802
methodological nationalism, 49
Meyerosse, Dale, 553
MI. See Military Intelligence
MI5. See Security Service
MI6. See Secret Intelligence Service
Mikhoels, Solomon, 779
Miliband, David, 716
Military Intelligence Program (MIP), 447
Mill, John Stuart, 741
Milosevic, Slobodan, 145
Minihan, Ken, 297
MINUSTAH. See United Nations
MIP. See Military Intelligence Program
Mirokhin, Vasili, 775
Mislock, Raymond, 515
missions
of Armed Services, 112–14
of DIA, 422–23
organizational mission statements, 88
of SOF, 576 t
Mitterrand, François, 611–12
Mohamed, Ali, 528
Mohamed, Binyam, 709–10
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 269
Moldava, 768
Moorer, Tom, 182
Moore's Law, 416
Morgan, Thomas B., 130
Morgenstein, Jonathan, 581
A Most Wanted Man (le Carré), 802
MRBMs. See medium-range ballistic missiles
Mukasey, Michael, 731
Mulgan, Richard, 732
Munguia, Ricardo, 246
Murphy, Franklin, 179–80
Murphy, Lionel, 828
Murphy, Paul, 646
Murphy Commission, 722
Murphy's Raid, 827–28
Murray, William, 519
Murrett, Robert B., 224
Napoleonic period, 407
Nardone v. US, 204
Nasr, Hassan Mustafa Osama, 743
Nathanson, Philip, 819
National Archives and Records Administration, 174
National Defense University (NDU), 237
National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP), 426
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
NIMA and, 82
National Intelligence Council (NIC)
National Intelligence Officer for Warning, 91
National Intelligence Program Evaluation (NIPE), 426
The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America (Negroponte), 214
nationalism, methodological, 49
National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism, 579
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
CIA and, 115
national security. See also National Security Act (1947); National Security Agency; National Security Council; national security intelligence
academic study of, 138–41
of Australia, 823–42
v. human security, 49
public anxiety and, 33–39
National Security Agency (NSA)
Bush, George W., and, 244
Church Committee and, 722
eavesdropping program of, 250–54
IMINT and, 81–82
Internet and, 424
9/11 attacks and, 244–45
Obama administration and, 242–56
PFIAB and, 175
Reagan and, 244
Smith, W., and, 115
National Security Council (NSC)
CI and, 554
National Students Association, 130
Naval Network Warfare Command, 243
Naval OPINTEL, 114
NCIX. See National Counterintelligence Executive
NCS. See National Clandestine Service
NCTC. See National Counterterrorism Center
NDU. See National Defense University
Negroponte, John
The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America, 214
Neither Confirm Nor Deny response, 651
Nelson, John, 331
nerve gas, 17
Netherlands, 217
neutrality, 391
New Deal, 263
New Orleans, 38
Newsweek International, 19
Newton Committee, 654
“New World Order,” 406
New York City Bar Association, 334
The New Yorker, 4
New York (City) Police Department, 107
NFIP. See National Foreign Intelligence Program
NIC. See National Intelligence Council
NIEs. See National Intelligence Estimates
Niger, 238
Nigeria, 220
NIMA. See National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Nimrody, Yaacov, 369
9/11 attacks
Bush, George W., and, 212
Canada and, 674
CIA and, 123
DNI and, 429–30
NSA and, 244–45
planning of, 66
SOF and, 569
UK and, 652–53
ninja warriors, 746–47
NIP. See National Intelligence Program
NIPE. See National Intelligence Program Evaluation
Nolan, James E., 515
non-democratic regimes, 759–61
North Atlantic Council, 222
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
HUMINT and, 769–70
Membership Action Plan of, 770
UN and, 293
North Korea
Norton-Taylor, Richard, 704
Nowinski, Ed., 302
NRO. See National Reconnaissance Office
NSA. See National Security Agency
NSC. See National Security Council
Nujoma, Sam, 286–87
Nureddin, Muayyaed, 676
Obama administration, and NSA, 242–56
OBE. See overtaken by events
Obey, David, 573
objectivity, 472–74
O'Connor, Sandra Day, 336
OFCO. See Offensive Counterintelligence Operations
Offensive Counterintelligence Operations (OFCO), 549
Office for Research and Collection of Information (ORCI), 280–81
Office of Foreign Missions (OFM), 515
Office of Management and Budget, 117
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 506
Office of Open Source Intelligence, 233
Office of Research Reports, 126
Office of Special Planning (OSP), 371
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
democracy and, 72–73
Dulles, A., and, 272–73
founding of, 81
HUMINT and, 111
Truman and, 124
USSR and, 781
Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
DOD and, 432–33
Office of the National Executive for Counterintelligence (ONCIX), 524–25
OFM. See Office of Foreign Missions
Ogorodnikov, Svetlana, 530
OGPU. See State Political Directorate
Olson, Eric, 580
Olympic Games in PRC, 2008, 35
One Day of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 777
ONI. See Office of Naval Intelligence
open-minded personnel, 372
open-sources intelligence (OSINT), 229–41
CI and, 236–37
DHS and, 231
early warning and, 231–32
Hayden, M., and, 240
PDB and, 232
in private sector, 231
operating environments, 351 t
Operation Desert Shield, 220
Operation Mountain Lion, 246
Operation Phoenix, 130
OPM. See Office of Personnel Management
ordinary renditions, 328
O'Reilly, Conor, 50
organizational evil, 737
organizational mission statements, 88
Orlov, Alexander, 547
OSC. See Open Source Center
OSINT. See open-sources intelligence
OSP. See Office of Special Planning
OSS. See Office of Strategic Services
Ostrovski, Victor, By Way of Deception, 747
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 527
Ottaway, Richard, 713–14
outsider administrators, 492–93
oversight. See also congressional oversight
in Canada, 678–81
IOB and, 180–81
judicial, in UK, 648
for private sector intelligence, 306–7
in UK, 699–702
overtaken by events (OBE), 21
Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, 276n1
Padilla, Jose, 271
Paladin, 208
Palestine, White Paper on, 807
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 810
Pallitto, Robert, 669
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 507–8
Palya, Albert, 663
Palya, Elizabeth, 664
Pan-American Games, 769
pandemic illness, 37
Parliamentary Joint Committee on ASIO, ASIS and DSD (PJCAAD), 683–84
party associations, of presidents, 497
Paterno, Joe, 520
Patterson, Geoffrey, 565
PDB. See President's Daily Brief
peacekeeping intelligence (PKI), 275–96
peer review, of intelligence, 723
Peierls, Rudolf, 557–58
penetration, 48
Penkovsky, Oleg
Khrushchev and, 261
Pentagon Papers, 130
Pentagon-style covert action, 569–86
People's Republic of China (PRC)
Chinese-Taiwan dispute, 381
Communist Party in, 529
Johnson, L. B., and, 178
Nixon and, 179
Olympic Games of 2008 in, 35
Stalin and, 146
perestroyka, 778
perfidy, 582
Perry, William, 304
PERSEREC. See Personnel Security Research Center
Personnel Security Research Center (PERSEREC), 525–26, 525n3
Espionage Cases 1974-2004, 525
Recent Espionage Cases, 525
Pers Z, 160
Peru, 763–64
Petraeus, David H., 247
petrodollars, 7
Petrov, Vladimir, 826
Pfaff, Tony, 728
Philippines, 127
PIAB. See President's Intelligence Advisory Board
Pike, Thomas, 150
PIL. See primary inspection line
PKI. See peacekeeping intelligence
plausibility, 353
Polaris submarines, 149
policy coherence, 616–19
Policy Counterterrorism Evaluation Group, 462
Policy Sciences (journal), 345
Politburo, 261
political crimes, 202
political spin, 22
political will, 707–10
politicization (political bias), 472–84
(p. 877)
Casey and, 721
Cold War and, 132
competition and, 459–60
democratization and, 51
dissemination and, 472–84
Ford, G., and, 119
of governance, 483–84
McCone and, 479
policymaking and, 474–76
top-down model of, 459
politics, of accountability, 719–34
Politkovskaya, Anna, 786–87
Polyakov, Alexander, 527
Popov, Pyotr, 267
Poseidon submarines, 149
Posner, Richard, 516
Post, Louis, 507–8
Powers, Francis Gary, 442
Powles, Guy, 681
Prague Summit (2002), 222
PRB. See Publications Review Board
“precision” air raids, 111
pre-existing beliefs, 366
Presidential Decision Directive 35, of Clinton, 92
presidents
party associations of, 497
President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 172–88
President's Intelligence Advisory Board (PIAB), 172
President's Intelligence Checklist, 496
Primakov, Yevgeniy, 784
primary inspection line (PIL), 318
private sector
DHS and, 301
disadvantages of, 300–303
Guantanamo Detention Center and, 300
OSINT and, 231
oversight for, 306–7
Truman and, 300
process accountability, 728–29
professional codes of ethics, 737–38
Profits of War (Ben-Menashe), 747
Profumo scandal, 699–700
prosecution, 204–6
proxy wars, 588
prudential searches, 199
PSC. See Public Safety Canada
The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis (Heuer), 405
public anxiety, and national security, 33–39
Publications Review Board (PRB), 237–38
public health, 61–62
public relations, 364
Public Safety Canada (PSC), 674
public use, of intelligence, 474–76
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 71
Pushkin, Alexander, “The Hero”, 23
Putnam, Robert, 520
puzzles, mysteries and complexities, 344 t
QRF. See Irish Quick Reaction Force
Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 578
Quirk, Richard J., III, 248
Radio Moscow, 232
radio station seizures, 232
Ramparts (journal), 130
Ranelagh, John, 79
rational-choice theory, 378–79
Raviv, Dan, Every Spy a Prince, 747
al-Rawi, Bisher, 709
RC. See Refugee Convention
RCMP. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Reagan, Ronald, 75
Casey and, 618–19
CIA and, 131–32
intelligence estimates and, 371
Nicaragua and, 23–24
NSA and, 244
realism, adaptive, 49
Recent Espionage Cases (PERSEREC), 525
reconnaissance. See also National Reconnaissance Office
Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Agency, 243
Red Cross, 201
Red Orchestra, 781
reforms, 101
accountability and, 761–70
of CI, 509–10
DNI and, 465
of institutional checks and balances, 669–72
IRTPA and, 419
manager-reformers and, 492–93
Rumsfeld and, 633
in UK, 711–15
USSR and, 783–86
Refugee Convention (RC), 337