(p. 775)
Index
A
African Development Bank 183,
734 African National Congress (ANC)Congress of South African Trade Unions and 715,
765–766 electricity sector and 723 Agua Zarca Dam (Honduras) 674 air pollutionenergy regionalism and 174 hydraulic fracturing and 6,
24 Algeriaenergy consumption profile of 693 import substitution industrialization and 688 liquefied natural gas and 110 “resource rich, labor abundant categorization” and 690 American Anthropological Association Committee for Human Rights 676 American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) 387 American Petroleum Institute (API) 116 Americans for Prosperity 387 AngolaChinese investment in 740 corporate social responsibility and 240–241 energy interdependence and 153 natural resource rents in 699 The ArcticArctic Circle Assembly and 604 corporate social responsibility and 244 oil production projects in 483,
696 Polar Silk Road Initiative and 604 Argentinacenter-left governments in 663 currency crisis (2001) in 670 electricity infrastructure in 77 energy regionalism and 178 hydraulic fracturing and 6 Armeniaenergy source overview in 466 Eurasian Economic Union and 479 Russia’s energy diplomacy and 303,
481 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 595,
599 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) 333,
595 Asia-Pacific regionenergy regionalism and 176 offshore oil drilling and 114 Polar Silk Road Initiative and 604 AustraliaAsia-Pacific region and 597 carbon capture and storage technology and 702 energy interdependence and 153,
294 energy regulation regimes in 105 liquefied natural gas and 110 renewable energy and 14–16 automobile emissions standards 359,
577 Azerbaijanattempts to establish independent export routes by 465 Caspian Sea region and 473 corporate social responsibility and 240 energy source overview in 466 sovereign wealth fund of 480 B
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline 603 Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) 597 Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP) 446 BangladeshBangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal Group (BBIN) and 603 Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor and 604 hydroelectric power in 601 refugees in India from 544 BelarusChernobyl nuclear accident and 57 energy source overview in 467 Eurasian Economic Union and 479 biomassbioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and 358–360 carbon dioxide emissions and 139–140 community-owned enterprises developing 766 percentage of global energy consumption from 24 stored solar energy in 132 sub-Saharan Africa and 732,
741 total global installed capacity of 142–143 Boliviacenter-left governments in 663 corporate social responsibility and 240 energy regionalism and 178 underground investments and 652 BrazilAgência Nacional do Petróleo in 620,
622,
669 Brazilian Network of Environmental Justice and 678,
773 center-left governments in 663 constitution (1988) and 631 debt crisis (1980s) and 626 energy consumption growth in 4–5 Energy Research Company in 632 environmental licensing for energy projects in 678 Interconnected Operation Coordination Group and 630 Ministry for Mines and Energy and 620 National Council of Energy Policy and 620 National Electricity Agency and 620,
629 Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency and 620 New Development Bank and 333 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and 163 price freezes (2008) in 624 Proálcool Program and 626 Sugar and Alcohol Institute (IAA) in 625,
627 Sustainable Development Goals and 740 System Planning Coordination Group and 630 Bulgariaenergy import dependency and 434 gross national consumption by fuel in 431 C
Calder Hall 1 reactor (United Kingdom),
46 Californiaelectricity infrastructure in 77 emissions standards in 387,
389 energy production totals in 376 Western Climate Initiative and 418 California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC) 687 Canada. See also North AmericaCanada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA) and 409,
414 energy interdependence and 153 energy liberalism and 160,
166 energy regulation regimes in 105 energy trade with the United States and 410,
412–416 hydraulic fracturing and 6 Keystone XL pipeline and 407,
414 Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline and 414–415 Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord and 418 National Energy Policy (NEP) and 413–414 National Oil Policy and 413 natural gas production and 35,
411 North American Energy Working Group and 420 North American Free Trade Agreement and 419,
422 Regional Greenhouse Gas Inventory program and 418 renewable energy and 14–15 Western Climate Initiative and 418 Central Asia-South Asia (CASA-1000) power project 605 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 280 Chávez, HugoBolivarian Revolution (1999) and 647 oil industry reorganization and 652–653 Chernobyl nuclear accident (Soviet Union, 1986)declines in nuclear power use following 7,
55,
284,
571 ecological contamination from 7,
57 long-term health consequences in surrounding area and 57–59 Soviet nuclear industry’s poor safety record and 484 Chesapeake Energy 34,
330 Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) 324–325 Chileenergy regionalism and 178 state-market relations in 666,
668 China19th Party Congress in 524 Asia-Pacific region and 591,
597 Canada investments by 423 carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and 514 China Banking Regulatory Commission and 334 China Export and Import Bank (CHEXIM) and 333 China National Offshore Oil Corporation and 521 coal and 15,
25,
283–284,
356,
507–512,
514,
516,
519–521,
523–524,
546,
715,
757 energy consumption by fuel source in 510 energy consumption by sector in 509 energy nationalism and 160 energy resource wars and 156 Global Financial Crisis and 332 greenhouse gasses (GHG) and 507–508 high-technology zones (HTZs) and 518 hydraulic fracturing and 6 International Energy Agency and 163 liquefied natural gas and 110 loans-for-oil deals and 301 Ministries for Petroleum and Petrochemicals and 512 Ministry of Ecology and Environment and 512 Ministry of Environmental Protection and 520 Ministry of Finance and 514 Ministry of Petroleum Industry in 521–522 New Development Bank and 333 oil and natural gas infrastructure in 101,
104,
106 “petroleum clique” in 511 Polar Silk Road Initiative and 604 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and 598 renewable energy and 14–15,
85,
142–143,
354,
359,
507,
510,
514–521,
524–525,
757,
762,
769 Renewable Energy Law and 516 State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and 522 State Petroleum and Chemical Industry Bureau and 522 Sustainable Development Goals and 740 The China Syndrome (film) 60
(p. 781)
climate changeadaptation strategies and 7,
13 automobile emissions standards and 359 business’ energy-related policy and 350–353 Climate Change Action Plan and 418 Climate Change Convention and 739 community ownership arrangements and 349–350 corporate social responsibility and 12,
244 divestment movement and 351 Environmental Kuznets Curve and 357 extreme weather events and 349 hydraulic fracturing and 307 international conflict and 276 International Panel on Climate Change and 4,
382 negative emissions technology and 359–360 oil and natural gas infrastructure and 117–118 Paris Agreement (2015) and 69 regional utilities and 765 renewable portfolio standard (RPS) and 349,
384–389 solar radiation management and 361 subnational governments and 764 coalbroad availability of 15,
25 China and 15,
25,
283–284,
356,
507–512,
514,
516,
519–521,
523–524,
546,
715,
757 electricity production and 25,
37,
44,
71,
73–74,
76,
81,
83–84,
90,
275,
284,
711,
758,
761 energy interdependence through markets and 153–155,
157 geographic overview of production of 26 low cost of production of 15 Oil Crisis (1970s) and 284 percentage of global energy consumption from 11,
24 Cold Warenergy regionalism and 174 Persian Gulf region and 688 ColombiaAgencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH) and 669 national oil company in 665 opposition to wind farms in 759 protests against hydrocarbon extraction in 673–674 Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) 324 community development agreements (CDAs) 243 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 570 Congo Civil War (1960–64) 156 Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) 715,
766 Continental Resources energy company 34 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 12,
205–206 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards 380 corporate social responsibility (CSR)Asia-Pacific region and 601 business’ reasons for engaging in 238–241 climate change and 12,
244 community development agreements and 243 energy sector market dynamics and 236–237 environmental impact assessments and 239 free prior and informed consent and 243,
773 indigenous communities and 243 International Monetary Fund and 242,
763 international oil companies (IOCs) and 241 obsolescing bargain hypothesis and 236 operational risks associated with 242 women’s right to energy and 207 corruptionAsia-Pacific region and 600 international conflict and 278 Czech Republicenergy consumption levels by fuel in 431 import dependency by fuel in 434 D
Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) 415 Danish Oil and Natural Gas (DONG) 351 deforestationcookstoves proposed as means of mitigating 202 Defenders of the Chilean Forest and 675 sub-Saharan Africa and 741 Democratic Party (United States) 379,
381 Democratic Republic of Congo 241 deregulationelectricity markets and 82,
258 Desertec Industrial Initiative 704 Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) 241 E
Earthlife Africa Johannesburg 721 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 205–206 Ecuadorcenter-left governments in 663 indigenous communities in 676 underground rents and 652 Egyptenergy consumption profile of 693 “resource poor, labor abundant distinction” and 690 Straits of Tiran closure (1957) and 298 Yom Kippur War (1973) and 281 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 280 electricitycoal used in production of 25,
37,
44,
71,
73–74,
76,
81,
83–84,
90,
275,
284,
711,
758,
761 distributed infrastructures and 89 energy interdependence and 152 lower-income states and 358 nuclear power used in generation of 6–8,
43–46,
48–52,
58,
61,
63,
73–74,
76,
79,
84,
90,
711 Paris Agreement (2015) and 69,
83 transmission and distribution of 72,
76–77,
79 energy governanceInternational Energy Agency and 4 liberal approach to geopolitics and 10,
759 energy interdependenceenergy nationalism versus energy liberalism and 159–167,
759,
765 European Union (EU) and 153,
158 foreign direct investment and 153 intergovernmental institutions and 157–163 international trade in energy commodities and 153 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and 153–158 energy justicedefining features of 12,
218 intersectionality and 224 energy marketsArab Spring (2011) and 327 Asia-Pacific region and 598 commodity exchange system and 324–325 energy market cycles and 156,
166 energy regionalism and 181,
187 international political economy of energy (IPEE) and 322,
335–336 oil and gas infrastructure and 99 sovereign wealth funds and 311,
336 Strategic Petroleum Reserve and 332 energy povertyfuel poverty compared to 12,
759 sub-Saharan Africa and 732,
738 energy regionalismAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and, CROSS
conflicts emerging from 186 Gulf Cooperation Council and 180 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and 183 energy securityEuropean Energy Security Strategy and 438,
446 indicator and assessment framework and 252–253 international conflict and 10,
285 International Energy Agency and 4,
258–260 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties and 249–250 securitization approach to 254 sub-Saharan Africa and 737 energy subsidiesAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and 165 environmental impact of 672 G20 summit (2009) and 164 Middle East and North Africa and 690,
701,
762 environmental justiceenergy infrastructures and 8 Environmental Kuznets Curve 357 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 380,
383,
387 EskomDepartment of Energy and 717 ethanolrail cars used in transportation of 111 stored solar energy in 132 Eurasiaenvironmental impact of energy issues in 483–485,
492 Russia’s dominant role in 465,
472 European Community (EC) 435 European Economic Community (EEC) 435 European Union (EU)Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) and 441–442 Clean and Secure Energy for All Europeans and 448 Crimea conflict (2014) and 305 Directive on Renewable Energy and 437 Emissions Trading System (ETS) and 437 Energy Acquis Communautaire and 450–451 energy consumption profile by fuel in 430 Energy Diplomacy Action Plan and 449 energy interdependence and 153,
158 European Energy Security Strategy and 438,
446 European Networks of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSOE) and 442 European Networks of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG) and 442 Eurozone crisis (2009) and 452 Foreign Affairs Council and 440 greenhouse gas emissions in 579 international conflict and 285 Maastricht Treaty (1993) 436 National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and 448 Parliamentary Committee on Industry, Research & Energy (ITRE) and 442 Single European Act (1987) and 435–436 Sustainable Energy Security Package and 448 Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and 437 Union for the Mediterranean and 450,
704 F
Federal Power Commission (FPC) 380 Finlandenergy consumption levels by fuel in 431 energy import dependency in 434 energy imports from Russia and 430 fossil fuels. See also specific fuelsAsia-Pacific region and 595,
600 energy interdependence and 165 geographic distribution of 13–16,
29 greenhouse gasses and 37,
125 percentage of global energy consumption from 11,
23–24,
99 fracking. See hydraulic fracturing
Francecarbon dioxide emissions in 432 energy consumption profile of 431–432 energy import dependency and 434 Mediterranean Solar Plan and 704 Pentalateral Energy Forum and 446 Suez Crisis (1956) and 281 Fredonia Gas Light Company 31 free prior and informed consent (FPIC) 243,
773 Friends of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform 164 Fukushima nuclear accident (Japan, 2011)ecological contamination from 7 energy conservation methods encouraged following 578 evacuations following 58,
563 Independent Investigation Commission and 572 Japanese utilities companies’ lost political power following 580 long-term health consequences near site of 58–59 G
gasolinebans on automobiles using 81 fossil fuels and production of 23,
27,
29,
31 genderconstructivist approach to 210
(p. 790)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and 12,
205–206 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and 205–206 Millennium Development Goals and 203 sub-Saharan Africa and 733 Sustainable Development Goals and 12 geothermal energyadvantages versus disadvantages of 137 limited transportability of 126 total global installed capacity of 142–143 Germanycarbon dioxide emissions in 432 energy consumption profile in 431–432 energy import dependency and 434 Pentalateral Energy Forum 446 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) 202–203 global politics. See also geopoliticsenergy mercantilism and 297 sovereign wealth funds and 311 sub-Saharan Africa and 742 Global Reporting Initiative 243 Global Southwomen’s involvement in microenterprises in 204 global warming. See climate change
green energy. See renewable energy
greenhouse gasses (GHG). See also carbon dioxide emissions (CO2)Asia-Pacfic region and 595 corporate social responsibility and 12 electricity generation and 74 energy consumption growth and 4 fossil fuel-based economy and 37,
125 hydropower infrastructure and 52,
137 Middle East and North Africa and 688 oil and gas infrastructure and 117 Oil Crisis (1970s) and reductions in 4 Gulf Cooperation Council 180 Gupta family (South Africa) 717 H
Hokkaido Electric Power Company 573 householdsclimate change affected by behavior in 349,
358–359 energy interdependence and 153,
163 sub-Saharan Africa and 732,
734 Hungaryenergy consumption levels by fuel in 431 import dependency by fuel in 434 hydraulic fracturing (fracking)air pollution and, CROSS
estimated global market impact of 307 horizontal drilling and 28,
33 natural gas extraction and, CROSS
research and development in 24 shale oil extraction and, CROSS
water pollution and, CROSS
HydroAysén dam (Chile) 674,
676 hydropoweradvantages versus disadvantages of 137,
140 corporate social responsibility and 233 energy regionalism and 175 greenhouse gas emissions and 52,
137 land required for production of 141 Middle East and North Africa and 689,
693,
766 percentage of world energy supply from 24 sub-Saharan Africa and 735 total global installed capacity of 142–143 I
Indiaenergy independence politics in 543–547 energy interdependence and 153 energy nationalism and 160,
166 grid failure (2012) in 533 Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) and 544 International Energy Agency and 163 International Monetary Fund and 544 Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change and 545,
548 Ministry of Finance and 548 New Development Bank and 333 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation and 544 oil and natural gas infrastructure in 100,
106,
111 rural electrification corporation and 538 Sustainable Development Goals and 740 IndonesiaAsia-Pacific region relations and 597 energy interdependence and 153 geothermal energy and 140 liquefied natural gas and 110 Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) 115–116 industrializationgender inequality and 199 import-subsitution industrialization and 688,
761 Industrial Revolution and 6,
25,
382 Middle East and North Africa and 688–690 sub-Saharan Africa and 738 Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA) 674 Institute of Political Ecology 675 Interamerican Development Bank 183 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4,
81,
343–346,
739 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 52 international conflictenergy security and 10,
285 International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) 243 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 88,
116 International Energy Agency (IEA)energy consumers’ interests represented by 249–250 International Renewable Energy Agency and 5 liberal approach to global politics and 298 membership expansion and 163 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 702 International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) 603 international oil companies (IOCs), 241, 304–305, 329, 544, 621, 646. See also specific companies
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 5,
158,
355,
763 International Society of Automation (ISA) 116 investor-owned utilities (IOUs) 385 Irancurrency exchange rates in 696 energy interdependence and 153 hostage crisis (1980–81) in 277 India-Pakistan conflict and 595 Iran-Iraq War (1980s) and 281,
694 Islamic Revolution (1979) in 281–282 oil and gas infrastructure in 306 oil export revenues and 694 oil markets affected by nuclear program controversy (2012) in 326 “resource rich, labor abundant categorization” and 690 United Kingdom sanctions (1950s) against 300–301 Iraqeconomic diversification failures in 701 energy production and consumption profile of 693 import substitution industrialization and 688 Iran-Iraq War (1980s) and 281,
694 Islamic State and 10,
282 OPEC embargo of 1970s flouted by 302 UN sanctions (1990s) against 293,
695 Islamic State (ISIS) 10,
282 IsraelArab world’s conflicts with 106 energy consumption profile of 693 Middle East and North Africa region and 689 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and 690 Straits of Tiran closure (1957) 298 Yom Kippur War (1973) and 3,
281,
302 Italycarbon dioxide emissions and 432 energy consumption levels by fuel in 431–432 import dependency by fuel in 434 renewable energy and 14–15 J
JapanAct on Rationalizing Energy Use of 1979 and 576,
761 Arctic energy resources and 604 Asia-Pacific region and 592,
597 Atomic Energy Basic Law and 569–570 Atomic Energy Commission in 569 Basic Act on Energy Policy and 576 energy interdependence and 156 energy resource wars and 156 feed-in tariff system in 575,
580 Fukushima nuclear accident (2011) and 7,
44,
58–59,
62,
284,
515,
563–564,
567–575,
578,
580–582,
765–766 geothermal energy and 140,
581 greenhouse gas emissions and 578–580 Japan Electric Power Generation and Transmission Company (Nippatsu) and 565 Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy and 576 liquefied natural gas and 110 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake (1896) in 571 Ministry of International Trade and Industry and 568–569 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) and 577 Monju fast breeder project and 569 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency and 572–573 nuclear power and 4,
43–47,
55,
58–59,
62–63,
284,
350,
515,
563–564,
566–575,
578,
580–582,
759,
764–766,
770 Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA) and 573–574 South China Seas oil transport routes and 286 Tohoku earthquake (2011) in 571,
573 Top Runner program and 576,
762