(p. 553)
Index
Tables and figures are indicated by an italic t and f following the page number.
Absorptive capacity, nature, 332
Acadian Consulting Group, 417
Accidents. See also specific types
Santa Barbara oil spill, 270
Activism, energy. See also specific topics
anti– local power plant, 405
government and utility responses, 406
proactive renewable energy campaigns, 411–415
reactive opposition to energy projects, 406–411
Actor-network theory, 33
transition strategies, 50
Actors, in public energy discourse, 389–391
Ad Hoc Group on Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), 23
Adjustment cost, geopolitical, 87
Agency
socio-technical transformation, energy systems, 49–50
Alberta Oil Sands, 275,
408,
418
Keystone XL pipeline from, 101,
409
oil production estimates, 275
Trans Mountain pipeline from, 408–409
Alberta Oil Sands opposition, 448–452
environmental organizations, 450–451
Idle No More movement, 450,
456
indigenous vs. environmentalist campaigns, 451–452
Alexievich, Svetlana, 395
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), 24,
28
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 417
Anthracite
government subsidies, Germany, 524–525
Argentina
(p. 554)
oil and gas discovery, 279
oil energy supply chain, government control, 291
Association of Issuing Bodies, 231
“AstroTurf” organizations, 417
Attitude-behavior connection models, 204
Australia
carbon capture and storage, 505
carbon-trading agreements, 19
Gorgon gas fields, offshore, 96
wind farm resistance, 349
Austria
citizen power plants on resources, 53
energy-poor households, 301
nuclear power protests, 407
nuclear technology absence, 227
renewable energy development, 345
solar collector self-building groups, 363
Bali Plan of Action (2007), 21
Barnett Shale (Texas), 426
water table pollution, 429
Behavior, consumer, 161–162
attitude-behavior connection models, 204
energy consumption, literature review, 245–246
Beyond Coal campaign, 114,
416
“Beyond the ABC: Climate Change Policy and Theories of Social Change” (Shove), 34
Bioenergy. See specific types
Bi-oenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), 505,
507,
511,
512
Biofuels
petroleum discovery on, 284
sustainability indicators, 498n10
Biomass, 166
bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, 512
burning, harmful effects, 106
carbon capture and storage, 505
(p. 555)
in global energy consumption, 319
industrial era fossil-fuel growth on, 166
Bolivia
oil energy supply chain, government control, 291
Border tax adjustments, 28
Brazil
alcohol-fueled vehicles, 282
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
328f
National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel, 281–282
oil energy supply chain, government control, 291
renewable energy capacities, 485,
485t
Brazilian Proposal, 336n4
British Petroleum, Deepwater Horizon, 270–273
Building, green
efficiency, Passive Houses, 234–235
urbanization and energy consumption, 181
Business, public energy discourse, 390
California
fracking regulations, 429
high-efficiency appliance market transformation, 216
renewable energy boom, 96
renewable portfolio standards policy, 412
renewables and carbon reduction, 107
Capital, marginal efficiency, 81
Carbon capture and storage (CCS), 511–514
carbon capture utilization and storage, 507–508
demonstration, slow pace, 506
Europe research and development subsidies, 525
Global CCS Institute, 506
technological and political lock-ins to fossil-fuel use, 512–513
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), 507–508
Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, accumulated
potentially fair historical emissions limit and, 334,
334f
Carbon intensity reduction, 327
Carbon lock-in, 244
definition and emphasis, 245
Carbon sinks, conserving, 17
Carbon trading
China and North America, 19
Cartagena Protocol to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), 28
Causality testing, of urbanization on energy consumption, 192–193
Chernobyl disaster, on EU countries
China
carbon intensity reduction, 327
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
328f
energy efficiency trends, 174
energy use per capita vs. energy intensity, 173–174,
175f
greenhouse gas regulation, 21
renewable energy capacities, 485,
485t
water and soil contamination, 488
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone depletion discovery and regulation, 17
Clean Air Act, fracking and, 428
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 19,
106
Clean Water Act, fracking and, 428
Climate change, energy and, 323–330
benefits and costs, between generations and countries, 330,
330t
(p. 557)
carbon intensity reduction, 327
common responsibilities, differentiated convergence, 325,
326f
Climate justice, 263–264
definition and factors, 327
developed world payments, climate change, 21
Climate science, political manipulation, 3
Coal, 113–132.
See also specific countries
Beyond Coal campaign, 114,
416
materialism, global commodity chain lengthening and, 115–118
mountaintop removal coal mining protests, 408
output data, long-term, 121,
122t
Coal, Germany, 472
anti-coal narrative, public articulation, 528–529
electricity from, embedding infrastructure, 523–525
Coal-fired electricity, embedding infrastructure, 523–525
The Coal Question (Jevons), 70,
79
Collective representations, energy cultures, 224,
226–228
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), natural gas–fed, 96
Commission for Sustainable Development, on energy services, 321
Commodity chain lengthening, raw materialism and, 115–118
Common responsibilities, differentiated convergence, 325–326,
326f
Communication. See also Media
Community
sociotechnical energy systems, 8
Comprehensive energy plan (CEP), 196
Conference of the Parties I (COP I), 19,
319
Conservation, energy, 243.
See also specific types
Consumer. See also specific topics
demand, urbanization and energy consumption, 181
education for better choices, 244
“every little bit helps” narrative, 243
Consumer behavior, sustainable energy, 201–204
energy-efficient practices and behaviors, 202–203
energy-efficient purchases, 202
policies facilitating, 201
understanding, increased, 201
Consumer-motivation theories, 204
Contraction and convergence, 325–326,
326f,
336n3
common responsibilities, differentiated convergence, 325,
326f
Cooperatives, renewable energy, 413–414
Coping strategies, energy-poor households, 301–302
Corporate policy, on energy markets, 94
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 94
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, 384–386
Cuba
total primary energy supply, 74–75,
76f
Cultures. See also specific types
comprehensive analyses, 227
Currency movements, energy in, 64
Dakota Access Pipeline protests, 4,
93,
409,
415
Data envelope analysis (DEA), 194
Demographics, urbanization and energy consumption, 195–196
Denmark
nuclear power protests, 407
Organization for Renewable Energy, 413
wind power, civil society engagement, 52–53
Development
Clean Development Mechanism, 19,
106
Commission for Sustainable Development, 321
Development as Freedom (Sen), 321
Direct rebound effects, 254
Distributed and dispersed energy communities, 370–373,
372t,
373f
Distributive justice, renewable energy, 349–350
Drake, Colonel Edwin, 267,
274
Eastern European energy security, 137–154.
See also specific countries
spot-pricing mechanism, 143
Eastern European energy security, gas
legal framework, gas trade and transit, 141–143
Ukraine integration into EU market, prospects, 152–153
Eastern European energy security, Russia-Ukraine
gas relations (2006-2013), and 2013-2014 gas dispute, 145–148,
147f
Economic experts, public energy discourse, 390
Economics
energy and development, 88–90
Economic wealth, ecological space and, 332
(p. 560)
Economy
energy productivity on, 79,
80t
energy yields and global stagnation, 80–83
monetary reserves, by country, 79,
80f
Efficiency
on energy use and economic growth, 89
Electricity
sustainable development and energy equity, 320
transition to renewables, 486
Emerging economies, 21.
See also specific countries
Emissions
potentially fair historical, 332
quantified emissions limitation and reduction objectives, 19
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, 23
Emissions, accumulated
potentially fair historical emissions limit and, 334,
334f
Emissions Trading Scheme, 18,
19
Energy, 1.
See also specific types and issues
distributed and dispersed energy communities, 370–373,
372t,
373f
economic development, 88–90
energy-intensive lifestyles, 2
for industrial sector, 88
markets, politics, and governance, 542–544
producers, leading global, 66,
67t
publics and, 341–342 (
see also specific topics)
relationships, changing, 539
sociology on, early history, 1
(p. 561)
sociotechnical systems and innovations, 519
spatial location, resources, 543
yields, global stagnation and, 80–83
Energy Community (EC), European, 141,
151
Energy conservation, 243.
See also specific topics; specific types
Energy consumption, social practices, 31–42
definition and role, 35–38
mobile phone management, 38–40
policy response, coordinated, 41
social structuring, 14,
31,
41
sociology, practice turn, 33–35
socio-technical systems, 33
understanding, advances, 40–41
Energy consumption dynamics, 161–163
Energy consumption research, 31
individualized rational actor approaches, 32
mobile phone management, 38–40
practice theory and, 32–33
Energy consumption trends, global, 165–178
Energy consumption trends, global shifts, 166–173
energy use and electricity consumption, 170–171,
171t
energy use growth and electricity consumption, 171–172,
171t
energy use growth rates and electricity consumption, 168,
169t,
172
population, GDP, energy use, and electricity consumption, 166–168,
167t
population growth rates and GDP per capita, 168,
170t,
172
Energy cultures, 8,
223–238
energy systems as sociomaterial orders, 224–230
sociotechnical infrastructures, 229
Energy-economy leads and lags, 71–72,
72f
Energy efficiency. See also specific types and topics
Energy imaginaries, shale gas
Energy independence argument, 427,
443n1
Energy markets, 87–93.
See also specific types
on climate friendly energy, 87
in economic development, 88–90
failure, free rider problem, 16
integration, trade relationships and, 100–103
supply and demand shifts on, 542–543
technological innovations, 90–92
Energy poverty, 263,
297–336
common condition, global, 298
concept and main issues, 297
equity, generational, 298
social structures and power relations, 311
Energy poverty, in developed countries, EU, 299–304
coping strategies, energy-poor households, 301–302
discussions and policy perspectives, 302–304
Vulnerable Consumer Working Group, 303
Energy poverty, in developing countries, 304–310
Energy production. See also specific types
environmental trade-offs, 87,
93
fossil-fuel, divestment, 520
in greenhouse gas emissions, 317
Energy resources. See also specific types
Energy–society relations, 1–12
epistemiological realities, 6–8
greenhouse-gas emission transition, 2
social analysis of, history, 6–8
Energy–society research, 6–7,
540.
See also specific types
Energy supply, 541–542.
See also specific countries and types
“energy” to “Energy,” 539–550
energy relationships, changing, 539
energy–society scholarship, 540
markets, politics, and governance, 542–544
social science contributions, 544–550
Energy transition: Growth and Wellbeing Without Crude Oil and Uranium (Krause et al.), 530
Energy transitions, 16,
223,
391.
see also Energy cultures
energy-production systems and innovations, sociotechnical, 519
fossil-fuel technology and production divestment, 520
international relations of environment, 16
processes, conceptual approaches, 46–47
social dimensions of change studies, debates, 50–51
social science contributions, 544–550
socio-technical transitions, 47–49
trajectories, past vs. future, 540
Environment. See also specific topics
energy production and environmental trade-offs, 87,
93
vs. production interests, on public lands, 92
shale gas production on, 101
Environmental determinism, 115
Environmental health, renewable energy on, 350–351
Environmentalists. See also specific topics
(p. 564)
Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), 388,
390
Epistemiological realities, new, 6–8
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 523–524
European Union (EU). See also specific countries and topics
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
329f,
330
green electricity energy cultures, 230–233
European Union (EU), gas
legal framework, trade and transit, 141–143
natural, suppliers and use, 137
nuclear power protests, 407
European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), 230,
524,
529,
533
EU Third Energy Package, 152
EVALUATE project, energy poverty, 298
“Every little bit helps” narrative, 243
Exchange rates, oil on, 64
Exergy, economic activity and, 66–67
Exnovation, in energy transitions, 519–533
of coal and lignite-fired electricity system, embedding infrastructure, 523–525
complex sociotechnical systems, analyzing, 522–523
energy-production systems and innovations, sociotechnical, 519
“Exxon knew” petition drive, 416
Feedback
urbanization and energy consumption, 195
Firewood, 319.
See also Biomass
combined heat and power plants, 468,
469,
471
cooking and heating, 88,
94,
106,
121,
165,
166,
187,
297,
298,
308,
319
Former Soviet Union, total primary energy supply, 76–77,
77f
Fossil fuel. See also specific types
(p. 565)
dominance and market share, global, 485
environmental and social costs, 2
geopolitics, 4,
61 (
see also specific topics)
lower quality, toxification from, 6
oil roads and pipelines, 4
producing states, new, 4–5
Fossil fuel–free municipality, 463–464
Fossil fuel power, protests
hydraulic fracturing, 409
mountaintop removal coal mining protests, 408
France, nuclear power protests, 407
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (IES), 468
The Future Is Not What It Used to Be (Friedrichs), 3
Gas, European Union market development, 138–141,
139
[link]
–140f
electricity and heat generation, by fuel, 138–139,
139f
industrial and residential energy consumption, by fuel, 138–139,
140f
primary energy supply, by fuel, 138,
139f
total energy and natural gas consumption, 139–140,
140f
Gas-on-gas competition, 142
Geopolitics. See also specific topics
Geopolitics, renewable electricity, 464–467
Geothermal energy, 93
heat pump, new German, 479
installed capacities, 484,
485t
from Mexico to California, 107
Germany
anthracite, government subsidies, 524–525
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, 468
housing, energy sufficiency, 235–237
nuclear power protests, 407
Germany, lignite
anti-lignite narrative, public articulation, 528–529
electricity from, embedding infrastructure, 523–525
Germany, renewable energy. see also specific types
Global CCS Institute (GCCSI), 506
Global climate governance, 15–16
Global commodity chains (GCCs)
lengthened, raw materialism and, 115–118
Global Ecovillage Network, 236
Global energy governance, renewable energy, 490–497
Global Environmental Facility, World Bank, 16
Global environmental governance, 15–16
Globalization. See also specific topics
Global Stock-Take, 25,
29
Governance, energy, 401–403.
See also specific topics
global climate and, 15–16
Government. See also specific countries
public energy discourse, 390
Granger causality
energy consumption and urbanization, 192
test, energy production and economic growth, 70–71,
71t,
72f
“Grassroots for hire,” 417
Green building
efficiency, Passive Houses, 234–235
urbanization and energy consumption, 181
Green Climate Fund (GCF), 16,
22
Greenfield investments, raw materials, 117
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 2
Conference of the Parties, 319
consumption patterns, 201
European Union Emissions Trading System for, 230,
524,
529,
533
potentially fair historical emissions, 332
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accumulated
potentially fair historical emissions limit and, 334,
334f
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
discovery and regulation, 17–18
regulation definitions, 23–24
Green on green controversy, 345
Greenpeace
consumer greenpower campaigns, 412
proactive renewable energy campaigns, 411–412
from protests to solutions, 411–412
Stop Acid Rain demonstration, 408
Greenpower Market Development Group, 412
Gross domestic product (GDP)
population, energy use, electricity consumption, and, 166–168,
167t
total primary energy supply and, 71,
86n8
Growth. See also specific types
total primary energy supply, 80–81
total primary energy supply, world GDP and, 71,
72f
Guarantees of origin (GOs), 230–231
Halliburton loophole, 428,
435
Hans Böckler Foundation, 527
Heating, techno-optimism vs. downsizing, 235
Heating systems
techno-optimism vs. downsizing, 235
High Ambition Coalition, 23,
28
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, highway, 245
Household change, incentives, 245
Household energy use, 88,
243
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), 6,
90,
177,
275
framing sociotechnical imaginaries, 425–426
process and applications, 427
sociotechnical imaginaries, 423
Hydrofluorocarbon chemicals (HFCs)m stratospheric ozone–friendly, 20
Hydropower
(p. 569)
installed renewable capacities, 484
Idle No More movement, 450,
456
Inadvertent environmentalists, 213
India
carbon intensity reduction, 327
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
328f
energy poverty and gender, 308
renewable energy capacities, 485,
485t
Indigenous rights, 107,
109n3.
See also specific issues
Individual consumption, structural influences, 243–256
“every little bit helps” narrative, 243
Individualized rational actor approaches, 32
Indoor climate, sustainable, 233–237
energy sufficiency initiatives, local, 235–237
heating, techno-optimism vs. downsizing, 235
innovative technologies and novel practices, 233–235
Industrializing countries, as new energy consumers, 279–294
petroleum and national identity, 279,
286–293 (
see also specific countries)
Industry
public energy discourse, 390
Information. See also Knowledge
consumer deficits vs. self-assessment, 383,
395n1
media, as main source, 383
Infrastructure, 63
energy-efficiency value–action gap, 214
urbanization and energy consumption, 181
Innovations
energy systems, sources, 392
sustainable indoor climate, 233–235
technology, on energy markets, 90–92
user, small-scale renewable energy technologies, 362,
363–370
Institutions
energy-efficiency value–action gap, 214
techno-institutional lock-in, 244
Interdependencies, transboundary, 495
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 16
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 18
International Energy Agency (IEA), 16
Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), 19
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 18
International Negotiating Committee (INC), 17
(p. 570)
International relations of environment, 15–29.
See also specific topics
Copenhagen (2009) and search for new agreement, 20–23,
27
global climate governance, 15–16
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 16
International Energy Agency, 16
International Renewable Energy Association, 16
market failure and free rider problem, 16
pollutant movements, transboundary, 16
research and technology transfers, 16
shared understandings, of principles, 16–17
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 15–16,
17–19
International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA), 16,
483,
491–492
International Solar Energy Society (ISES), 467–468
Inter-system communication, media in, 382
Japan
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
329f,
330
energy use per capita vs. energy intensity, 174,
174f
steel production and coal, 121
total primary energy supply, 74,
76f,
86n9
Justice
procedural and distributive, renewable energy, 349–350
Keystone XL Pipeline protests, 93,
118,
409
KLIMP (klimatinvesteringsprogram), 469,
470
Landscape, renewable energy on
Landscape, socio-technical, 47,
48–49
LEED certification
urbanization and energy consumption, 181
Less developed countries (LDCs), 24
Lignite, Germany
anti-lignite narrative, public articulation, 528–529
electricity from, embedding infrastructure, 523–525
LIP (Lokala investeringsprogrammen), 469,
470
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) market
re-gasification facilities, 101
technology improvements on, 96
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, propane)
Lithium recycling, and global market, 106,
108n2
Lock-in
techno-institutional, 244
Macroeconomic populism, Latin America, 280–281
Mainstream media, public energy dialogues, 385–387
Marcellus Shale (New York State), 429–437
drilling, gas rush and new landowner controls, 429–432
New York shale gas ban, 424
reserves, estimated recoverable, 429,
430
responsible development, slowing down for, 432–437
Marginal efficiency of capital, 81
Market
failure, free rider problem, 16
integration, trade relationships, 100–103
Marketing, on energy problems, 386
Materiality, in social life, 36
Material realities, new, 5–6
Media
critical approach to analysis of, 384–385
Media, on public energy dialogues
critical discourse analysis approach, 385
environmental non-governmental organizations, 388
epistemic communities, 382
global-local balance, 387
individual, communication with, 382–383
international communication, 382
inter-system communication, 382
as main information source, 383
mainstream and social media, 385–387
sociological constructivism, 382
Mobile phone management, energy consumption, 38–40
Monetary system
declining returns and, 63
energy productivity on, 79,
80t
energy yields and global stagnation, 80–83
exchange rates, oil on, 64
monetary expansion, US central bank policies, 81,
86n10
monetary reserves, by country, 79,
80f
money, geometric growth, 64–65
Mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining, 6,
10,
118,
177
Muller-Reissmann, K.F., 530
Multilevel perspective (MLP)
socio-technical transitions, 47–49
National energy signatures, 63–83
declining returns and monetary system, 63
(p. 573)
energy-economy leads and lags, 71–72,
72f
exergy and economic activity, 66–67
fuel and mineral trade, global monetary value vs. production, 69,
86n4
petroleum and coal products, U.S., 64
renewable energy, technology efficiency, 70
systemic causation and ecological approach, 70–72,
71t,
72f
yields and global stagnation, 80–83
National identity, petroleum and, 286–290.
See also specific countries
Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs), 21
Nationally determined contribution (NDC), 24–25
National Program of Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB), 281–282
National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 406
Naturskyddsföreningen, 463
Nongovernmental groups, public energy discourse, 390
Non-problematicity, social construction, 452
Nuclear technology, on culture, 227
Oil
non-problematicity, social construction, 452
North Dakota production, 67,
69f
Oil, U.S.
field production, weekly, 68,
69f
prices, imports and, 72,
72f
Texas production, 67,
68f
Oil drilling, offshore, 267–275
fossil capitalism and petrocapitalism, 447,
457
Oil drilling, risks vs. supplies, 265–275
Union Oil Alpha platform Santa Barbara spill, 268–269
Oil opposition, 447–457
Alberta Oil Sands, opposition, 448–452
Canada, Atlantic, fracking and offshore oil, 452–456
Oil sanctions, government, 104
Old Harry project, offshore oil, 454–456
Ominayak, Lubicon Cree Chief Bernard, 449
On Ethics and Economics (Sen), 321
Open pre-configuration, 374
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), coal consumption, 125,
125t,
130,
130t
Organization for Information about Nuclear Power (OOA), 407
Organization for Renewable Energy (OVE), 413
Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), 268
Outer Continental Shelf Deep Water Royalty Relief Act, 270
Ozone-depleting substances (ODS), 17
Pellet burning heating systems, 233,
362,
364
People’s Climate March, 415
People’s Climate Plan, 415
PIMBY (“please in my backward”), 351
Pipeline protests, 408–409.
See also specific pipelines
Place
attachment, renewable energy, 347
Policy, corporate, on energy markets, 94
Policy, public
on consumer behavior, sustainable energy, 201
on energy, Europeanization, 470–472
on energy consumption, social practices, 41
energy-efficiency value–action gap and, 201
(p. 575)
small-scale renewable energy technologies on, 373–375
on solar power, disincentivizing, 246–247
transboundary interdependencies, 495
urbanization on energy consumption and, 195–197
Politics, energy, 401–403,
542–544.
See also specific topics
climate science manipulation, 3
energy–society relations, 3–5
politicians and public energy discourse, 389
renewable electricity, Germany vs. Sweden, 462–464
Pollutants. See also specific types
transboundary movements, 16
Populism
macroeconomic, Latin America, 280–281
Post-hegemonic discourse, energy public discourse, 394–395
Potentially fair historical emissions (PFHE), 332
accumulated emissions and, 334,
334f
Power. See also specific types
export, for developing countries, 100
transition studies, 50–51
Power plants. See also specific types
Practices. See also specific types
as entities vs. performances, 37–38
Proactive campaigns, renewable energy, 411–415
Procedural justice, renewable energy, 349–350
Production tax credits (PTC ), 412,
417
Products, energy-efficient
Public, energy and, 341–342.
See also specific topics
Public relations, on energy problems, 386
Quantified emissions limitation and reduction objectives (QELROs), 19
Raw materialism, 115,
132n1
global commodity chain lengthening and, 115–118
Real-world experiment, 542
Reciprocal Granger causality, 86n7
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+), 23
Regime, socio-technical, 47–48
Renewable electricity, Germany and Sweden, 461–475
coal and lignite mining legacy, 462
development and ownership, 462
energy resources and settlement patterns, 461
energy section transformation, 461–462
Europeanization of energy policies, 470–472
Germany and Sweden compared, 472–475
political differences, 462
territorial energy management, 474–475
Renewable energy. See also specific types
expansion, on fossil fuel use, 4
Germany and Renewable Energy Sources Act, 231–233
non-hydro, on energy trade, 105–107
political history, Germany and Sweden, 463–464
technology efficiency, 70
Renewable energy certificates, 463
Renewable energy cooperatives, 413–414
Renewable energy development, local responses, 343–355
renewables paradox, national support vs. local opposition, 345–346
Renewable energy development, local responses, opposition rationale, 346–351,
355
environmental and health impacts, 350–351
inverse NIMBY syndrome, 346
procedural and distributive justice, 349–350
Renewable Energy Sources Act (RS Act), 231–233
Renewable energy transition, global, 483–498
installed renewable capacities, 484,
484f
Renewable portfolio standards (RPS), 412
Research. See also specific types
Risk, 262
framing, energy discourses, 389
Rockefeller, John D., 267
Russia
emissions, historical and projections, 327,
329f,
330
Russia-Ukraine
gas relations (2006-2013), and 2013-2014 gas dispute, 145–148,
147f
Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) SolarShares program, 414
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Halliburton loophole, 428,
435
Save the Narmada River, 410
Scale, transition studies, 50
Scientific revolution, 549
Services, energy-efficiency value–action gap, 202
Shared understandings, of principles, 16–17
Silent Spring (Carson), 406
Simplicity Institute, 235
Small Island Developing States (SIDs), Paris Agreement on, 24
Small-scale renewable energy technologies (S-RET), 361–375
decentralized energy production, 361
design and policy implications, 373–375
diffusion, users’ roles, 361
distributed and dispersed energy communities, 370–373,
372t,
373f
user innovations, formation phase, 363–364
Social Forces (Freudenburg), 550
Social groups, energy-efficiency value–action gap, 212–213
Social media, public energy discourse, 385–387
Social movements, energy and, 405–420
energy-focused global movement, 415–417
fossil-fuel counter-movement, 417–418
proactive campaigns, renewable energy, 411–415
reactive opposition, to energy projects, 406–411
Social practices. See also specific types
as entities vs. performances, 37–38
value–action gap, energy-efficiency, 202–203
Social science contributions, energy transitions, 544–550
Social science research, 46
energy consumption and practice theory, 32–33
sustainability transitions, 46
Sociological constructivism, 382
Sociology. See also specific topics
of energy consumption, practice turn, 33–35
Sociotechnical imaginaries, 227,
423
Socio-technical lock-in, 244
Socio-technical niches, shielding, nurturing, and empowering, 48,
55
Socio-technical regime, 47–48
Socio-technical systems, in energy consumption, 33
Socio-technical transformation, energy systems, 45–56
agency, power, and place, 49–50
energy generation and use, 45
multilevel perspective, 47–49
studying transition processes, conceptual approaches, 46–47
Solar power
capacity additions, significant, 498n2
distributed and dispersed energy communities, 370–373,
372t,
373f
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, 468
installed renewable capacities, 484
rooftop and battery storage, 196–197
Solar power, local response