In 1994 the United Nations Development Programme opened an alternative perspective on state security that focused on individuals and populations instead of the state-based security system that had dominated international politics for over 350 years. The human security agenda became an encompassing approach to understanding nontraditional security threats that states increasingly face. In that vein, health has long been considered a key component in human security research. Drawing on human security and traditional security frameworks, this chapter explores the complex relationship between global health and human security. It examines this relationship in the context of (1) global health and violence, (2) global health and poverty, and (3) global health and infectious diseases. The state’s capacity to deal with issues of global health is highlighted in seeking to understand the relationship between human security and global health.