(p. 699)
Index
Page references for figures are indicated by f and for tables by t.
Aarhus Against the Mosque, 374,
377t
activism. See also specific types and organizations
adjusting positions, to voters and competitors, 186–187
Alleanza Nazionale (AN), 24,
507
Alliance Républicaine pour les Libertées et le Progrès (ARLP), 435
Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 225–226,
455–457current situation, elections and seats, 455–456
ideology and programs, 457
American Enterprise Institute, 288
Americans for Legal Immigration PAC (ALIPAC), 641
Anders Langes Parti til Sterk Nedsettelse av Skatter, Avgifter og Offentlige Inngrep (ALP), 547,
554t
Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 413
anti-democratic outlook, 413
anti-establishment populism, 2,
5
Anti-Islamic English Defence League, 526
anti-modernity/globalization, 394
antisemitism, 4,
23,
61–82,
376,
395,
4131930s Europe, vs. Islamophobia, 43–45
authoritarian syndrome, 62–63
European right-wing populism, 66–70,
68t
examples, 73–80caricatures, secondary-antisemitism, and FPÖ’s strategy, 74–79,
74f,
75f
Jobbik, identity construction and victim-perpetrator reversal, 79–80
(p. 700)
ideology, coherent, 80–81
Israel and Zionism related, 64
Judeus ex Machina, defined, 64–65
Judeus ex Machina, rhetoric strategy blaming and denying, 72–73
syncretic antisemitism, 70–71
Marine Le Pen’s opposition, 440–441
as racism sub-form, 61–62
Social Credit Party of Alberta, 92
stereotypes, common rhetorical, 65–66,
73
Art, D., 24,
152,
191n17,
240,
243,
246,
339,
479,
480,
485,
486,
488,
489,
695
Association to Protect Japan, 683
Australia, 650–663.
See also specific parties
Australia First Movement, 652
Australia First Party, 659
Australian Liberty Alliance, 660
Australian Nationalists Movement, 659
radical right and far right, 658–662
Australia First Movement, 652
Australia First Party (AFP), 659
Australian Defence League (ADL), 660–661
Australian Liberty Alliance (ALA), 660
Australian Nationalists Movement (ANM), 659
authoritarian and exclusionary positions, 184–185
authoritarian syndrome, 62–63
Barkashov, Aleksandr, 591
Bar-On, T., 5,
17,
19–20,
22,
23,
27,
33,
113,
117,
406
Berlusconi, Silvio, 259,
414center-right coalition, 507,
509
language, “like the people,” 255
Besluit Ontbinding Landverraderlijke Organisaties, 479–480
Betz, H.-G., 8–9,
18,
25,
93,
94,
98–99,
108,
111,
155,
156,
201,
216,
300,
394
Bevara Sverige Svenskt (BSS), 549
Bjelke-Peterson, Johannes, 654
blaming, antisemitism, 72–73
Boevaia Organizatsiia Russkikh Natsionalistov (BORN), 591
bonding vs. bridging, 292
Boomgaarden, Hajo G., 157,
158
Bossi, Umberto, 18,
46,
93–94,
251,
508centripetal charisma, 266
as charismatic leader, 252
image and associations, 261
Manichean demonization, 256
Boulanger, General Georges, 434
British National Party (BNP), 31,
522–526,
527tcross-national links, 399
gender and leadership, 208
small area studies, electoral support, 158
(p. 702)
Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (BZÖ), 311,
315
Bürgerbewegung pro NRW, 457
Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei (BDP), 464
burqa (burka) bans, 51–52
Campbell, Kalgoorlie Graeme, 659
candidates, electoral support, 146
Carter, E., 24,
145–146,
151,
152,
154,
155,
156,
172,
227,
240,
332,
522
causality, complex vs. linear, 310
charismatic leaders, 251–266.
See also specific individuals
conceptualizing, 253–256Manichean demonization, 256
debased, popular usage, 263
discursive opportunity structures, 261
methodological problems, 252
vs. personalization of politics, 251
theorizing support, 256–263
few supporters followed by breakthrough, 257
political opportunity structures, 259–260
socioeconomic change and crisis, 257–259
thesis formulation problems, 263–264
voting and, empirical link, 252
Charlie Hebdo attacks, 53–54
Christian Democratic parties, 382
Christians
Judeo-Christian identity, 4
religiosity, on attitudes toward immigrants, 202–203
cleavages, 212–230
mainstream parties’ strategies on, 212
party strategy, 224–228baseline, strength of existing alignments, 225–226
challengers and mainstream parties, 227–228
dynamic cleavage theory, 224
political conflict between parties, 225–226
social transformations from, 212
Cohen-Bendit, Daniel (Danny the Red), 418–419
collective identities. See also specific types
collective phenomenon, 327
collectivist-authoritarian positions, 185
Colombia, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, 88,
90
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 584
Comparative Manifesto Project dataset, 170–171,
183
conflict
political, between parties, 225–226
conservative think tanks, 288
constitutional system, U.S., 421
contextual characteristics, 327
counter-jihadist movement, 3
countermovements, 330,
337.
See also specific types
cultural factors. See also specific types, countries, and organizations
sociocultural conflict, 7–8
culture, Americanization of, 223
Dahl, Kristian Thulesen, 207,
254
Davis, James H. “Cyclone,” 88
de la Rocque, François, 434
demand-side theories, 144–145,
166political demand for right-wing radicalism, media and, 270–272
democracy, 2
right-wing extremism on, 2
transitions to, Southern Europe, 514
Western vs. Eastern Europe, 571
demographics. See also specific countries and parties
deprivation relative deprivation thesis, 352
Deutsche Volksunion (DVU), 453
directional theory, 190n3
discounting models, 190n3
discursive opportunity structures, 261,
271,
329
Dvizhenie Protiv Nelegal’noi Immigratsii (DPNI), 591–594
dynamic cleavage theory, 224
Eastern Europe, 565–578.
See also specific parties
Euroskepticism and Eurorealism, 572–573
minorities democratization and rights, 569–574
mobilization against, 567,
573
refugees, Bosnia and Herzegovina Muslims, 578n2
permissive environment, 10
Poland
Liga Polskich Rodzin, 566,
568
racism and xenophobia, 319
Slovakia, 574People’s Party–Our Slovakia, 572
strategies tackling radical right, 573–574
unique characteristics, 567
economics distribution, 175
established parties converge on, 175
expansion, cross-national links, 395
education
collective identities, 215
cultural value preferences, 215
egalitarian vs. non-egalitarian, 3
electoral politics, 7.
See also specific countries and parties
electoral support, 143–159funnel of causality metaphor, 144
micro-level factors, 145–152anti-immigrant and unemployment, 147–150
candidates and charismatic leaders, 146
multilevel explanation, 145
(p. 706)
electoral systems
single-member-district plurality, 177,
179
electorate. See also specific groups
Ellinas, A. A., 8,
27,
228,
241,
246,
247,
274–276,
278,
510–511
embeddedness, transnational, 399
Eternal Fascism (Eco), 106
ethnic competition theories, 148–149
ethnic democracy, Israel, 669
ethnic nationalism, 5,
17–18,
21–22,
25,
26–30
immigrants and Muslims, 28–29
multiculturalism fears, 29
vs. nativist nationalism, 27
vs. regionalism and pan-Europeanism, 26–27
religious group, politically dominant, 28
“right to difference,” 28
ethnocratic liberalism, 112
Europe. See also specific countries, regions, and parties
European Alliance for Freedom, 572–573
European Freedom Alliance, 30
European Parliament cross-national right-wing group, 395,
572
East–West bloc, first, 572
European Alliance for Freedom, 572–573
Front National, 1984 election, 436–438
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, 422t
political opportunities, 397
European Union, 2
party groups as meeting place, 10
Europe of a hundred flag, 26–27
Eurorealism, Eastern Europe, 572
Euroskepticism, 122–137,
151–152,
396–397
cultural views, of Europe, 124
intention, of analysis, 136
issue ownership, 126–135
issue entrepreneur exploitation, 126
mainstream party politicization, lack, 126
(p. 707)
nation-state sovereignty, 124
politicizing European Union, 122–123
Evraziiskii soiuz molodezhi (ESM), 593
extreme right vs. radical right, 2–3
fascism, 6,
105–119activist cultures and organizational histories, 116–118
“fighting new and different battles,” 107–109
Ur-Fascism or Eternal Fascism, 106
Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), 641
fluidity, party vs. social movement, 310–312,
311f
Fortuyn, Pim
Manichean demonization, 256
frames and framing
social movement organizations, 337–341
France, 433–449.
See also Front National (FN)counterrevolution (1789–1981), 433–435Action Française and Camelots du Roi, 434
Alliance Républicaine pour les Libertées et le Progrès, 435
Front National pour l’Unité Française, 435
Ligue National Antisémitique, 434
Parti des Forces Nouvelles, 435
Front National, Jean-Marie Le Pen, 435–440
1984 European Parliament election, rebirth (1984–1998), 436–438
Front National, Marine Le Pen, 440–4462017 French presidential election, 446–447
turning point, current, 447
Free Congress Foundation, 288
Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ), 192n32,
458–462
centripetal charisma, 265
current situation, elections and seats, 459–460
government participation, 192n32
legislative seats and support, 311–312
populism, 93demonstrations, resumption of, 316
Fremskrittspartiet (FrP, Norway)
political responsibility, burdens, 560
racists and neo-Nazis, 117
(p. 709)
on women’s and gay and lesbian rights, 203
Front d’Opposition Nationale pour l-Europe des Patries, 436
Front National (FN), 4
antisemitic hate crimes, 67
centripetal charisma, 265
cross-national influences, 402
Front d’Opposition Nationale pour l-Europe des Patries, 436
Front National-Mouvement National, 439
historical periods, Jean-Marie Le Pen, 435–440
1984 European Parliament election, rebirth (1984–1998), 436–438
historical periods, Marine Le Pen, 440–4462017 French presidential election, 446–447
political credibility, 446
turning point, current, 447
Islamophobia, 42,
50–51Islamic women’s dress bans, 52
“Le Projet du Front National,” 33
Mouvement National Républicain, 439
Movimento Sociale Italiano and, 290–291
political opportunity structures, 259
radical right-wing plus populist idealists, 25
social change, loss of identity after, 258
Front National-Mouvement National (FN-MN), 439
Front National pour l’Unité Française (FNUF), 435
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 88,
90
gender, radical right voting, 200–210cross-national differences, 205–206
gender-specific explanations, 204–205
gender attitudes
political interest and activity, 202
gender membership British National Party, 208
Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes, 9,
208
global white identity, 395
goal attainment, party impact, 306,
314f,
315
Golden Dawn, 510–511antisemitic hate crimes, 67
EU position distance, 129,
130t
Euroskepticism and radical right positions over time, 127
women’s sub-organizations, 208
Goldsmith, Sir James, 528
governance, political, radical right parties on, 175
Greater British Movement (GBM), 523,
524
“Greater Israel” ideology, 668
Green parties, female electorate, 209
Griffin, R., 6,
20,
21,
26,
110,
111–114,
341,
356,
360,
402
(p. 711)
group dominance approach, 640
Groupement de Recherche et D’études pour la Civilisation Européenne (GRECE), 289–290,
373–374
groupuscules, extreme-right, 294–295
Happy Realization Party, 686,
687t
homogeneity, idea of, 368
hyper-masculine subculture, 293
(p. 712)
identity
loss of, after social change, 258
national radical right parties on, 175
social identity theory, 149
ideology. See also specific parties
political program and, 1–3
immigrant threat, 2
electoral base, expanding, 173
ethnic nationalism, 28–29
Independent American Party, 413
institutional factors. See also specific institutionscompetitiveness, 176–180electoral laws as enablers, 176–177
salience, convergence, and polarization, 177–180
institutional party impact, 306
integration-demarcation divide, 223
intellectualism, stereotypes and prejudices, 65
International Eurasian Movement, 582
internationalization, 333,
394–404.
See also globalizationcommon positions/visions, 403
globalization and economic expansion, 395
global white identity, 395
political opportunities, 396–402,
401fdevelopment over time, 401,
401f
European Parliament elections, 397
historical trans-European institutions, 397–398
mobilization and transnational events, 400–401
transnational embeddedness, 399
Internet, 276–277alternative online-based news, 8–9
Islamophobia, 2,
4,
42–55.
See also Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes (Pegida)
Alternative für Deutschland, 43
anti-Muslim and anti-Islam discourse (1980s and 1990s), 42
vs. antisemitism, 1930s Europe, 43–45
burqas and burkinis, 51–52
labor market equilibrium (1970s), 42
mosques and minarets, 49–51
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, 375
Partij voor de Vrijheid, 28,
48,
51
Schweizerische Volkspartei, 50
Switzerland, Schweizerische Volkspartei, 50
Israel, 667–6782015 election, Netanyahu’s plea, 667–668
as ethnic democracy (ethnocracy), 669
“Greater Israel” ideology, 668
issue appeals. See also specific issues
Japan, 681–695anti-Korean sentiment, 681
Association to Protect Japan, 683
Happy Science and Happy Realization Party, 686
Koreans as model minority, 681
MP Council of the Japan Conference, 685,
686
MP Group to Help Japanese Allegedly Abducted by North Korea (Rachi Giren), 685–686
National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (Sukuukai), 683f,
686
National Conference to Protect Japan, 683
nativism as historical revisionism, 682
Party for Japanese Kokoro, 683f,
686
radical right in party politics, 684–690
Japan Innovation Party (JIP), 321–322
Jeffersonian democracy, 88
Jobbik, 566,
572,
575
identity construction, 79–80
paramilitary uniforms, 29
victim-perpetrator reversal, 79–80
women’s sub-organizations, 208
Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom. See Jobbik
Judeo-Christian identity, 4
Judeus ex Machina
rhetoric strategy blaming and denying, 72–73
syncretic antisemitism, 70–71
Junge Nationaldemokraten (JN), 337
Kestilä-Kekkonen, E., 552
Kitschelt, H., 19,
24,
107,
150,
153,
169,
172,
177,
179,
185,
192n25,
28,
33,
215–217,
219,
223,
227,
228,
300,
414,
521,
540–541,
549,
568,
688,
689,
690
Kondopoga technology, 592
Kongress Russkikh Obshchin (KRO), 585,
586t
Konhres Ukrayinskykh Natsionalistiv (KUN), 612–613,
615
Koreans Japan sentiment against, 681
MP Group to Help Japanese Allegedly Abducted by North Korea (Rachi Giren), 685–686
National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (Sukuukai), 683f,
686
leaderless resistance, 405,
418
League of Empire Loyalists (LEL), 522–523
Lega Nord (LN), 506–508
centripetal charisma, 265
goal attainment impact, 314f,
315
Le Pen, Jean-Marie. See also Front National (FN)
apolitical, appeal to, 263
cross-national links, 399
ethnopluralist neo-fascist doctrine, 115–116
Frenchness, manipulating conceptions of, 261
Front National pour l’Unité Française, 435
image and associations, 261
(p. 716)
mission and foundation myth, 253–254
political opportunity structures, 259
socioeconomic change and crisis, 257
Le Pen, Marine, 25.
See also Front National (FN)
political opportunity structures, 259
Rassemblement Bleu Marine, 442
as successor to Jean-Marie, 439–440
women’s economic independence, 203
Liberal-Democratic Party (LDPSU/LDPR), 582–585,
586t
Liga Polskich Rodzin (LPR), 566,
568
Ligue National Antisémitique, 434
Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF)
gay libertine founder, 150
goal attainment impact, 315
government coalition, 479
historical background, 479
political and societal context, wider, 495
local mobilization British National Party, 260
party organization strategy, 246–247
Lutheranism, democracy and, 370,
371
Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártj (MIÉP), 35
mainstreaming
of Islamophobia, as security threat, 52–55
(p. 717)
mainstream left, reaction to, 227
mainstream parties. See also specific countries and parties
politicization, lack, 126
on radical right success, 227
male activists, predominance, 9
Manichean demonization, charismatic leaders, 256
mass protest dynamics, 624
mass society theories, 154,
291
media, 269–280
alternative online-based news, 8–9
audience size and commercial drive, 277–278
autonomy from political system, 278–279
cynicism and distrust, 271
discursive opportunities, 271
effects, 269,
274–277
political challenges to systemic actors, 274–275
stronger and newer actors, 275
political demand for right-wing radicalism, 270–272
on political parties and social movements
political supply of radicalism, 272–274
refugee crisis, Europe, 271
right-wing radicals and critics on, 269
metamorphosis, party vs. social movement, 310–312,
311f
Minkenberg, M., 11,
29–30,
36,
218,
319,
367,
373–375,
379,
382–384,
384–386t,
394,
533–534
(p. 718)
minorities. See also specific typesEastern Europe, 566
mobilization against, 567,
573
refugees, Bosnia and Herzegovina Muslims, 578n2
rights, democratization and, 569–574
Mizh-Partiyna Assambleya (MPA), 611
mobilization
resource mobilization approaches, 328
mobilization, local British National Party, 260
party organization strategy, 246–247
mobilization legacy hypothesis, 223
Mouvement National Républicain (MNR), 439
MP Council of the Japan Conference, 685,
686
MP Group to Help Japanese Allegedly Abducted by North Korea (Rachi Giren), 685–686
Mudde, C., 19,
20,
23–25,
27,
110,
123–124,
151,
153,
191n19,
202,
203,
207–208,
216,
309,
331,
348,
367,
413,
478–482,
484–485,
490,
497,
498n1,
531–532,
551,
553,
668,
674,
675,
682
multiculturalism to divide opponents’ electorate, 174
ethnic nationalist fears, 29
Nationaal Europese Sociale Beweging (NESB), 480
Nationaal Socialistische Beweging (NSB), 480
National Action (NA), 659
National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (Sukuukai), 683f,
686
National Conference to Protect Japan, 683
Nationaldemokratische Partei (NPD, Austria), 459
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD, Germany), 453–457
(p. 719)
in European Parliament, 397,
422t
parliamentary decline, 333
Nationale Aktion gegen die Überfremdung von Volk und Heimat (NA), 463
national identity radical right parties, 175
nationalism, 3–4,
17–37,
124,
413
Europe
Western and Central, 33–36
principal arguments, 18–20
radical right, defining, 23–26
radical right discourses, 30–33British National Party, 31
Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, 31
Partij voor de Vrijheid, 31–32
Slovenská Národná Strana, 32–33
UK independence Party, 33
radical right vs. mainstream right, 18
as surrogate religion, 368
National Socialist Movement (NSM), 523
Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund (NSU), 454
Natsional-Bol’shevistskaia Partiia (National-Bolshevik Party), 591
Natsional-demokraticheskaia partiia (NDP), 594
Natsionalny Front (National Front), 613
Nederlandse Volks-Unie (NVU), 480
New Left
women’s, gay, and minority rights, 218
niche parties, 183.
See also specific parties
non-party sector, radical right, 9–10,
285–301cross-national links, 399
normative mechanisms, 338
Nuovo Centrodestra (NCD), 509
Obama, Barack, Tea Party on, 636–638
organization. See also specific parties
Österreichische Volkspartei (OVP), 458–462cross-national alliances, 460
current situation, elections and seats, 459–460
government participation, 315
othering, 42,
44.
See also specific types
paramilitary uniforms, Jobbik, 29
parliamentary vs. extra-parliamentary options, 419–421
Parti des Forces Nouvelles (PFN), 435
Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV)
historical background, 479
Islamophobia Islamic women’s dress ban, 51
political and societal context, wider, 495–496
on women’s equality and same-sex partnerships, 203
Party for Japanese Kokoro, 683f,
686
party identification, electoral support, 145–146
party ideology, electoral support, 152–153
party impact, 10–11,
305–323.
See also specific partiesbeyond Western Europe, 318–322Australia, One Nation Party, 321
party vs. social movement, fluidity, 310–312,
311f
research trajectory, 305–307goal attainment, power in, 306
individual unit level of analysis, 307
system responsiveness, 306
(p. 722)
party interaction models, 308
party organization, 239–248
government participation and incumbency, 245
local mobilization strategy, 246–247
organizational dynamics across parties, 244
research challenges
formal vs. informal realms, 242
rooted vs. entrepreneurial hypothesis, 244–245
self-referential scholarship, 244
party strength, electoral support, 152
party systems, radical right-wing parties and, 166–192conceptualizing, in party competition, 167–169
“established” parties, ongoing competition for votes, office, and policy influence, 183–188issue appeals, salience and domain, 183–186
position adjustments, voters and competitors, 186–187
temptations of political power, and government participation, 187–188
institutional conditions of competitiveness, 176–180electoral laws as enablers, 176–177
salience, convergence, and polarization, 177–180
short-term single-election measure, 169
pathological normalcy, 367
Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes (Pegida)
gender membership, 9,
208
public outrage and unemployment anxiety, 468
religious protection, 366
unemployment and immigration, 468
People’s Party–Our Slovakia (LSNS), 572
personalization of politics, 251
personal presence, charismatic leaders, 254–255
Perussuomalaiset (PS, The Finns), 251,
314f
political responsibility, burdens, 560
Plataforma per Catalunya, 509
political attitudes. See also specific types
youth formation and persistence, 348
political demand, for right-wing radicalism, media and, 270–272
political governance. See also specific organizations and typesradical right parties on, 175
political opportunity structures (POS), 259–260
political power, temptation of, 187–188
Popolo della Libertà (PdL), 507
populism, 1–2,
5–6,
86–100,
668,
669t.
See also specific partiesagrarian American, late 19th c., 87–88
anti-establishment, 2UK Independence Party, 533
Canada, Social Credit Party of Alberta, 92
emancipation and progress, 88
Jeffersonian democracy, 88
mobilizations, history, 87–88
negative connotation, 86–87