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date: 05 March 2021

(p. 675) Index

(p. 675) Index

Aasgaard, Reidar 545, 554n1
Abraham 28
baptism related to 205
circumcision and 320–322, 417–419
in Galatians 204
Hagar with 204, 309, 323, 633, 634
inheritance and 309, 323
Isaac’s sacrifice by 338
“Jacob’s well” and 310
Melchizedek and 333, 337
paternity related to 304, 410, 526–527, 599
Paul on 417
priesthood from 333, 337, 347n2
Sarah with 204–205, 323, 342, 347n5, 633
slaves and 633
active partner 583–586, 588n4
Acts 9, 311–312
singleness in 296–297
Acts of Andrew (Acts Andr.) 401n4
Acts of Thomas and 390, 392–393
andreia and 399, 401n5
conversions in 389–390, 398–399
food in 391, 394–395, 399, 400, 401n2
Gospel of Thomas and 399
healings and 388–389
intrusion in 390
invisibility in 390
loss of control and 390–396, 399, 400
masculinity and 397–398
“pagan” in 388, 391–392, 401n1
passions in 393–397
Persians in 396–397, 398, 401n3
rape in 621
sexual indulgence and 394, 400
slavery and sexual availability in 627–628
summary of 389
transgression in 390
Acts of Paul 388, 392, 401n2, 564 See also Acts of Thecla
Acts of Peter 348, 392, 458
Acts of Philip 387, 434, 488
Acts of Thecla 323, 329, 387–388, 510–511, 668
Acts of Paul and 564
alterations of 496–497
authorial intention and 489–490
chastity in 618–619, 620, 622n7
clothing in 493
commission in 495–497, 499
dominant values in 497
“dynamic androgyny” in 565
elite pagan men in 392
ethnographic data and 498
evidence of 486–487
female silence and 494–495
gender inversion in 492–493
gender-related shame in 493
head-covering related to 492–493
historical conflicts in 497–498
historical credence of 488–489
languages of 496
literary function of 490–491
masculinity in 494–495, 497
plot construction in 491–492
rape in 619–620, 621, 622n8
renunciation in 494
self-baptism in 496
story of 485–486
1 Timothy and 459
women authors and 498–499
Acts of Thomas
Acts Andr. and 390, 392–393
food and sex passions in 392–393
Acts of Xanthippe and Polyxena 488
Adam 208, 318
Gos. Thom. and 380–381
(p. 676) Adam and Eve 549
angels and 664
clothing for 493
gender and 498
Norea and 617–618
sexual relations of 285–286
spiritual monogamy and 416
Thecla related to 493
women’s subordination related to 33–34
Adams, J. N. 648
adornment 654–655
adultery (moicheia) 340, 346, 598
in Gospels and Acts 298–299
porneia compared to 630
remarriage as 523–524
slavery and sexual availability related to 635–637
Aegetes 400, 627, 628
Aeneas 262, 395
affect 108–109
affirmative-identifying LGBTIQ strategies
apologism in 183–184
community with 183
eunuchs in 185–186, 213n3
fundamentalists and 184
Gospel of Matthew in 184–185
historical-contextual strategies and 182–183
Jesus in 184–185
lesbian history in 186–187
among MCC 181–182
“texts of terror” and 182
affirmative-identifying strategies 190
African American slaves 143, 159, 350–351
African American women 167–168, 350–351
in New Testament female agency 157–160, 171–172
queer theory and 100
womanist interpreters and 31–32
African culture 129
African women 126–127, 129
agency 77, 324
in postcolonial feminist bible studies 130–131
of children 545, 549
definition of 505
of “Jezebel,” 169–171
of Mary, mother of Jesus 463–465
material culture and 67–68, 69
of postcolonial feminist biblical scholars 130–131 See also New Testament female agency
Ahab (king) 168, 513
Alaimo, Stacy 200
Alexander, Michelle 171
Allison, Penelope 64
altericist approach, to ancient sexuality 573
“alteritism,” 107–108
Althaus-Reid, Marcella 103, 104, 121, 125
American Protestants 181
amulets 234
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 151, 153n9
andreia (manliness) 80, 399, 401n5, 557–558
Andrew. See Acts of Andrew
androcentricity 8, 19–20, [link] , 170, 308
in 1 Enoch 281–282
androcentrism 609–610
androgyny 373, 565
Andronicus 510
angels 227–228
Adam and Eve and 664
circumcision of 667
Gabriel 561–562
gender of 667–668
resurrection body and 553, 567, 663–664, 667–668, 671–672
anger 393–394
animality 201 See also nonhumans
anointing 306–307, 308
anthropocentrism 213n1
anthropomorphic New Testament
Logos in 140–141
perception history in 140
anthropomorphosis, of books 137–142, 152
anthrōpos (males) 316–317
Antichrist 199
“anti-Christs,” 343
anti-Jewish readings 31
anti-Jewish sexual slander 598–600
anti-Judaism and postcolonial feminist bible studies
agency in 130–131
(p. 677) Christian universality in 130
colonial mimicry in 129–130
complicity in 132
debate of 125–126
dichotomizing rhetoric in 127
hybridity in 128–130
impasse over 128
Israel/the Church/African culture in 129
Levine on 126–130
Mishnah in 132
native informant in 131–132
native patriarchal traditions in 126–128
postcolonial theory related to 128–129
racial prejudice in 130–131
Anzaldúa, Gloria 104, 188–189
Aphrodisias monument 19–20, [link] , 33–34
Apocalypse of James 432, 435
apocalyptic literature. See Book of the Watchers
Apocryphal Acts 9, 387, 487–488, 490
Acts Andr. and 388–392, 395, 399–400, 401nn1–5
Apocryphon of John 482n3
Sophia in 475, 477, 479
Apollonius 242
apologism 183–184
apostles (apostolos) (“one who is sent”) 441–443, 472–473
Junia as 510
meaning of 509
resurrection and 509–510
Thecla as 510–511
as twelve 510 See also specific apostles
“apostle to the apostles,” 510
“The Apostolic Meeting in Jerusalem (Galatians 2:1)” 321
apostolos. See apostles
Appadurai, Arjun 66–67
Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome 270–272, [link]
archaeology 62–63, 65, 69
Arch of Trajan 269, 270, [link]
Aristotle 160, 241, 244, 254n5, 398, 476
on penetrated men 247, 250–251, 254n4
on slaves 613
Ars Amatoria (Ovid) 138–139
arsenokoitēs (sodomite, homosexual offender) 108, 179, 253n3, 576–577
Asael 280–281
asceticism 323–324
assembly, leadership roles in 508–509
Athenagoras 594–595
athleticism, language of 613
Augustine 598
Augustus (emperor) 259, 263–264, [link] , [link] , 269
daughter of 594
marriage laws from 528–529, 533n1, 558
as pater patriae 533n1
authorial intention 489–490
Les aveux de la chair (“Confessions of the Flesh”) (Foucault) 12n6
Babylon, as Rome 603
bacteria 206–207
Bailey, Derrick Sherwin 178–179
Bakke, O. M. 548
Balch, David 161, 169
Balla, Ibolya 283
Balla, Peter 551
baptism
Abraham related to 205
prohibitions related to 653, 654, 658nn6–7
in queering kin-making 204, 205
baptismal formula 609, 622n2
Barad, Karen 67, 200
barbarians 594
in Roman imperial ideology 267–268, 272–273
Barnabas 599–600
Barrier, Jeremy W. 623n10
Barton, Carlin A. 357
2 Baruch 280
Basil of Ancyra 668
bath-gymnasium 353–354, 357–358
Bauman-Martin, Betsy 640–641
beauty 289–290
Beauvoir, Simone de 3, 12n4
benefactor (prostatis) 308, 508, 517
Bennett, Jane 67
(p. 678) Ben Sira 226, 282–284, 291
on slavery and sexual availability 634
Sophia in 471
Bergmann, Bettina 65
Berrigan, Caitlin 209–210
Betsworth, Sharon 549, 550, 553, 554n1
Bhabha, Homi 119, 123, 128
Bible Trouble (Hornsby and Stone) 103–104
Bible versions
KJV 181, 240, 245, 249, 359
RSV 181
biblical demiurgy 476, 482n4
biblical feminists 34n1
biblical Judaism 221–229, 236n1
Biblis 516
Bidegain, Ana Maria 463
Bilhah 286–287
Bingemer, Maria Clara 463
biopolitics 207
Bird, Jennifer 342
birthing 301, 303, 308, 340, 343, 344, 549
The Birth of the Messiah (Brown, R.) 450–451
Black Lives Matter 171
black women. See African American women
Blade Runner 197
Blandina 516, 613–614, 615
de Boer, Esther 441
Bohache, Thomas 192
Book of Judith 226
Book of Proverbs 470–471
Book of Revelation. See Revelation
Book of Sirach 471
Book of the Watchers 280–282, 291, 292, 345, 667
Book of Tobit 224
books
anthropomorphosis of 137–142, 152
borderlands 188–189
Boswell, John 178
boundaries 281
Boyarin, Daniel 10, 671
boy slaves (delicati) 646
feminization of 650
Brakke, David 482n4
Braun, Willy 82
breastfeeding 207–208, 229, 413
martyrdom and 614, 615
bridegroom 243, 375
Brooten, Bernadette 25, 179–180, 186, 232
on active partner 584
on female homoeroticism 574–575, 584
Harper and 580–581
on inscriptions 49, 303, 443
on same-sex relations 108, 574–575, 579, 580–581, 584
on slavery and sexual availability 635
“visual culture” and 64
brothels 647–648, 658n4
Brown, Bill 60
Brown, Peter 397
Brown, Raymond 450–452
Brown Douglas, Kelly 167–168
Buell, Denise Kimber 71n6
Burke, Sean D. 104, 190
Burke, Tony 554n1
Burrus, Virginia 8, 602, 655
Butler, Judith 67, 77–78, 87, 189, 352
on identity 199–200
on materiality 82–83
queer theory and 98–99
sexual difference of 5–6
on violence, power, gender 608–609
Caecillius 666
Cain 617
Cairo Geniza Damascus Document 285 See also Jubilees
Callicratidas 240
Callisto 627–628
Camp, Claudia 282, 283–284
on Sophia 471, 480, 481
canon 11, 32, 104, 430
Canterella, Eva 65
Capel Anderson, Janice 81, 85, 453–454, 458, 464
captive woman 19–20, [link] , 33–34
Cassianus, Julius 667
Castelli, Elizabeth 10, 166, 622n3
(p. 679) catastrophic love
insatiability of 242
sex and 241–243
universality of 241–242
“catholic,” 334–335, 336, 343, 346
celibacy 167, 296, 298, 304, 414, 420, 560
in Gospels and Acts 297
over marriage 531–533, 557, 564, 601
Paul on 485, 525, 601
in priesthood 457
renunciation and 557–558 See also Apocryphal Acts
celibacy and virginity
in Greco-Roman society 558
marriage and 557
procreation and 559
regulation of desires and 558–559
renunciation and 557–558
virtue and 557–558
‘celibate Bridegroom,’ 569–570
celibate women 487, 498
Celsus 53, 482n6
the Centurion 122
Chakrabarty, Dipesh 68
chastity 414, 668
in Acts of Thecla 618–619, 620, 622n7
Augustus and 528–529
desire and 620
sexual slander against 602
Child in the Midst pericope 550–551
children 301, 330n2, 337–338, 542–543
agency of 545, 549
birthing of 301, 303, 308, 340, 343, 344, 549
breastfeeding of 207–208, 229, 413, 614, 615
care and healing for 549–551
challenges to 543
definitions of 540
God and 343, 550
in household codes 548
in Hyp. Arch. 374
incompleteness of 544–545
infant mortality rate of 543
Jesus and 546, 547, 549–551
martyrdom of 615
mourning over 543–544
negative emotions about 546–547, 554n1
parables of 545–546
positive emotions about 546–547, 554n1
as prostitutes 645, 658n1
reasoning capacity of 545, 546
rhetorical 540, 549–550, 553
salvation of 553–554
in slavery and sexual availability 630–631, 635, 642n7, 647
speaking to 547–549
value of 543, 550–551
Christ. See Jesus
Christian identity
gender norms and 612–613
martyrdom related to 611–613
slavery and sexual availability related to 641n1
against social order 612
Christianity
separation of, from Judaism 609
Christian persecution 515–517
“Christian” women, definition of 41
Christian women’s history reconstruction 39
abandonment of 54–55
ancient Mediterranean 42–52
comparison in 54
definitions for 40–41
early Christian literary sources in 50–52, 53
exceptionalism in 54
general concepts for 41–42
legal materials in 49–50
literary evidence primacy/tyranny in 42
men’s literary evidence in 44–46
New Testament and Apostolic Fathers in 51–52
nonliterary materials in 46–49
truth of 54–55
verisimilitude in 52–53
women’s literary evidence in 42–44
Christian women’s ordination 41, 488–489
Christ imitation 611–616, 622n3, 622n5
Christology. See Sophia
Christos Didaskalos (Christ the Teacher) 147
chrononormativity, of queer futures 106–107
(p. 680) Chrysostom, John 418, 586
on women apostles 510
Chung Hyun Kyung 463
churches 621
slavery and sexual availability in 635–640, 642nn8–9
Church/virgin mother 149
Cicero 396, 541
cinaedus 575
circumcision 286, 330nn4–5, 407–409, 420
Abraham and 320–322, 417–419
of angels 667
spiritual 418–419, 421
Torah and 320–321
women and 321–322
Clark, Elizabeth 8, 68–69
on ‘celibate Bridegroom,’ 569–570
Claudia Metrodora 354
Clement of Alexandria 147–148, 149, 203, 414, 415
anti-Jewish sexual slander from 599
on modesty 654–655
on resurrection body 667–668
on slavery and sexual availability 641
climate, in material culture 68–69
Clines, David 84, 86–87
Clitophon 561
clobber passages 177, 179, 181–182, 191
clothing 493
of prostitutes 647, 654, 658n4
Cobb, L. Stephanie 354, 365n8
Cohen, Cathy 100
Cohen, Shaye 330n4, 541
Collins, Adela Yarbro 282, 567
colonial mimicry 129–130
Colossians 598
commission
in Acts of Thecla 495–497, 499
for Mary, mother of Jesus 458
for Mary Magdalene 430–431, 439, 442–443
communities 183, 225, 235, 340, 343
in Hebrews 334, 336, 337
companion (koinōnos) 383–384
Competing Female Prophet in Revelation (2:20–23) 172
agency of 169–171
androcentric power structures and 170
faith of 169–170
immorality and 168–169
prophets on 168–169
punishment of 168–169
slander against 168–169
tolerance for 170
concubine 633, 642n5
confessional scholarship 52
“Confessions of the Flesh” (Les aveux de la chair) (Foucault) 12n6
Connell, R. W. 80, 89–90
consciousness 197
of prophets 514
continuist approach, to ancient sexuality 573
contradictory purity 469–470, 480, 481, 482n6
control 399, 400
alcohol and 391–392
anger and 393–394
food and 392–393
of household 390–391
self-, loss of 392–396, 408, 563, 601
in violence, power, gender 608, 610–611
conversions 508
in Acts Andr. 389–390, 398–399
divorce and 524
Conway, Colleen 411
Cooper, Anna Julia 158
Cooper, Kate 9, 397, 489–490, 496
1 Corinthians 323–324, 325, 326
against porneia 562–563
prophets in 513
sexual slander in 600–601
Sophia in 472
on women 485, 498
1 Corinthians 7:10–16, 50
1 Corinthians 11:5, 166–168
1 Corinthians 11:5–6, 43
1 Corinthians 11:7–9, 2–3
Corinthian women prophets 110, 166–167, 328
Corley, Kathleen 656
courtesans 647, 658n3
prostitutes compared to 654–655
covenant. See Abraham; circumcision
Covenant Code 633
(p. 681) Craven, Toni 289
Creangă, Ovidiu 87, 90
creation 285, 334–337
creation/procreation 202–203 See also procreation
Crossan, John Dominic 443
crucifixion 609, 610–611, 622n2
Culianu, Ioan 478, 479
cultural hegemony 80
cultural identity 138
culture 129, 197, 261, 594–597
“visual,” 60, 64 See also material culture
Cynics 558
Damascus Documents 227, 235
daughters 283, 594
Davies, Stevan L. 498–499
Davis, Stephen J. 499n1
deacons (diakonos)
children of 548
as leadership roles 517–518
Phoebe of Cenchrae as 509
Dead Sea Scrolls 283, 303
resurrection body in 661
Dead Sea Sect 235–236, 279
death 460
crucifixion 609, 610–611, 622n2
miracles over 486 See also resurrection
Decius (emperor) 515
decolonization 122–123
DeFranza, Megan 185
Deissmann, Adolf 62–63, 70n3, 260
delicati 646, 650
deMause, Lloyd 542
demon-possession 437
De rerum natura (Lucretius) 253n1
Derrida, Jacques 97, 124, 140, 200–202
desires 299, 356, 365n7, 558–559, 652
adornment related to 654–655
chastity and 620
marriage law against 524–526
for sex 240–241
Deuteronomy 21:10–14 642n5
devil 365n9, 437
diakonos. See deacons
Dialogue of the Savior 435
Dialogue with Trypho (Justin) 450
Diaspora Judaism synagogues 232–233
Didache 513, 514
digital text 123
Dinah 286–287
Dinshaw, Carolyn 107–109, 588
Dio Chrysostom 247–248, 250, 357
on prostitution 648, 649
Diocletian (emperor) 515
Diogenes 558
skeuos-slave relationship for 638
Dionysius 334
disabled persons 227
disciples
Tabitha as 509
women as 435–436, 441, 509
discipleship 552
divorce
conversions and 524
Gospel of Mark on 224–225, 523–524
marriage law against 523–524
Dixon, Suzanne 541, 543
documentary evidence 42
Dube, Musa 120–122
DuBois, Page 64
DuBois, W. E. B. 122
Duggan, Lisa 191
Dulk, Den 499n1
Duncan, Carrie 49
Dunderberg, Ismo 480
Dunning, Benjamin 109, 202, 352, 413
early Christian leadership rolesSee leadership roles
early Christian women’s literary sources
affiliation of 51, 52
cataloguing of 51–52
in Christian women’s history reconstruction 50–52, 53
dates of 50–51
demography of 51
legal materials of 50
privilege of 52
“Eastern,” 142, 151, 152–153
eating. See food
(p. 682) Edelman, Lee 107, 212
Edwards, Catherine 651
Edwards, Tim 78–79, 91nn1–3
Egeria 511
Eisen, Ute 49
ekklēsia 204, 325, 328, 330n8, 549, 637–640
inclusiveness of 317–319
“elder,” 343–344
elements 253
Elephantine Egypt 224
elites 539–540
Elizabeth 456, 512, 562
Ellis, Teresa Ann 282–283
emperor 515
as pater patriae 263, 533n2
in Roman imperial ideology 262–266, [link] , [link] , [link] See also Augustus
empire studies 118–119
employment 301–302
endurance
in martyrdom 612–613
Engberg, Jakob 611
Engberg-Pederson, Troels 205
Engels, Friedrich 66–67
enkrateia (self-control) 394, 408, 563, 601, 631
Enoch 281–282
1 Enoch 280–281
Ephesians 211, 564
husband in 211
Ephesians 5:21–33 252–253
Epictetus 558
epigraphic evidence 64–65, 70n3
Epiphanius of Salamis 347n4, 472, 475–476, 478, 480
epistemological uncertainty 9–10
Epistemology of the Closet (Sedgwick) 98
Epistle of Barnabas 599–600
Epistle of James 482n1
Epistle of the Apostles 431
Epistula Apostolorum 19, 666
equality (isotēs) 319–320
erastēs/erōmenos relationship 588n4
erotic love poetry 239, 253n1
erotic possession 623n10
eschaton 296, 528, 530
Essenes 235, 296
as Jewish celibates 559–560
essentialism/kyriarchy 23–24
Esteban Muñoz, José 212
ethnicity 138, 153n1
ethnography 213n1
Euclia 627–628
Eugnostos the Blessed 435
eunuchs 190, 299, 301, 312, 414
in affirmative-identifying LGBTIQ strategies 185–186, 213n3
Gospel of Matthew on 525, 566
Jesus and 416, 421, 566
Eusebius of Caesarea 43, 388, 516
evangelical Protestant Christianity 586
Evans, Christopher 438
Evans-Grubbs, Judith 547, 633
Eve
feminist biblical interpretation of 29–30
rape of 617, 618
Sophia compared to 477–478
evidence, giving 225
execution 486
Exegesis of the Soul 653–654
exile 338
Ezekiel 533n2, 595
faith 164, 169–170, 338, 610
false prophets 513
false teachers 346
sexual slander and 601–602, 603–604
families
alternative 491
definition of 542
diversity of 541
patriarchy and 558 See also children; procreation
family and fertility 269–273, [link] , 297–298
Farewell Discourse 342–343, 347n6
Felicitas 517, 615
Felix, Minucius 594
Felker Jones, Beth 670
female homoeroticism 179–180, 588n3
Brooten on 574–575, 584
(p. 683) female martyrdom 613–614 See also specific martyrs
female partners 326–328
female teachers 328
feminist biblical interpretation [link]
availability of 21–22
conservativism and 34n1
contemporary situatedness in 19
definition in 22–23
essentialism/kyriarchy in 23–24
of Eve 29–30
grammatically gendered languages and 25–26
history, definitions, and politics in 20–22
identity related to 22
intersectionality of 23
kyriarchal historiography in 29–30
multiplicity of voices in 29–30
objectivity and 22, 24
reading strategies in 24–32
rhetoric in 30, 34n2
sociopolitical context of 22
texts and non-texts in 32–34
feminist biblical scholarship 1–2
feminist theory 1, 3
feminization 340
First Timothy 2:9–14 33–34
Flaccus 53
Flemming, Rebecca 647
Flessen, Bonnie 85
Flood 280, 281
Floyd-Thomas, Stacey M. 160
food 207–210, 392–393
in Acts Andr. 391, 394–395, 399, 400, 401n2
meat consumption 208, 358–359, 599–600See also breastfeeding
Foskett, Mary 562
Foucault, Michel 1, 12n5, 97, 188
affect and 108–109
on historical-contextual LGBTIQ strategies 178–179
The History of Sexuality by 6–7, 10, 12n6, 77–78, 99, 107
Fradenburg, Louise 107–108
Frankfurter, David 605
Freccero, Carla 107–108, 109
Fredriksen, Paula 476
Freeman, Elizabeth 106–107
Freud, Sigmund 3
friendship 324–325, 329n1, 330n8
companion 383–384
Frilingos, Christopher 351, 362
Fronto, M. Cornelius 594
Gabriel 561–562
Gaca, Kathy 593
Gagnon, Robert 578
Galatians 204–205, 318–320
Galatians 3:27–28 2, 399, 401n4
Galen 352
Galerius (emperor) 515
Garden of Eden 285–286
Gatens, Moira 4, 5, 12n4
Gaventa, Beverly Roberts 459–460
gay male perspective 86 See also same-sex relations
Gebara, Ivone 463
gender 3, 4–5, 315–316, 329, 365n11
Adam and Eve and 498
of angels 667–668
crucifixion and 609, 622n2
of heir 322–323, 330n6
in Hellenistic philosophy and literature 248–252
history and 41–42
in Hyp. Arch. 373–374
of Jesus 407, 410–411, 421, 422, 422n1
in leadership roles 509
of Logos 141, 149–150, 152, 153n3
martyrdom and 622
Mary, mother of Jesus and 454
passions and 395–397
at Pentecost 512
of resurrection body 665–668, 671–672
in Revelation 349–352, 364n3
in same-sex relations 580
in slavery and sexual availability 632–633
of Torah 146, 152, 153n7
violence and 607–609, 622See also specific topics
gender and sexuality classification, of Pauline letters 316–318
(p. 684) gendered and racialized New Testament
gynomorphic New Testament in 141–142
Ovid related to 137–139
queer New Testament in 147–151, 153n8
queer Torah in 144–146, 152
racialized text and 142–144
tradition queering in 151–152, 153n9
gender essentialism 98
gender identity 3–4, 349, 364n1
gender inversion 492–493
gender-related shame 493
gender roles 4–5, 301–303, 311
gender-segregated gatherings 45
gender studies 1–2
Gender Trouble (Butler) 77–78, 98–99
genealogy 305–306
General Epistles
“catholic” related to 334–335, 336
Christian publics creation and 334–337
Christian universalism and 335
complex status of 335
James 338–340
Johannine Epistles 342–344, 347n6
language of 334–335
material conditions of 336–337
1 Peter 341–342, 431, 508
2 Peter 346, 602
publics and counterpublics in 335–337
Genesis 283–285, 565
Genesis 2:3 208
Genesis 6:1–4 280
Gentiles 595–598
ethnicity of 600
porneia related to 596–597
gentile women 305
Gikatilla 145–146
Gilbert, Sandra 469
Glancy, Jennifer 82–83, 596, 670
on porneia 593–594
on slavery and sexual availability 646
Gleason, Maud 364n1, 400, 409
Glessner, Justin 81, 87
glossolalia (speaking in tongues) 513
gnōsis 371–372
Gnosticism 476, 482n4
gnostic literature 474–480
God 240–241
children and 343, 550
community and 340
Jesus and 85, 140
Judith and 289–290
in masculinity studies 85–86
as mother 149–150
Sophia and 472, 475–476, 478, 479, 482n3
whore of 531–532
wife of 530–531
god/s 68
God’s-eye view, on sex 240–241
God-Speaking Women with Whipping Hair (1 Cor 11:5) 172
black women’s hair and 167
black women’s self-esteem and 167–168
celibacy and 167
choices related to 168
distraction by 167
egalitarianism and 166
marriage and 167
prophets on 166–167, 168
shame in 166
Goehring, James 482n5
Golden, Mark 543–544
Good, Deirdre 184
Gospel and ActsSee also specific Acts
Gospel of James 338–340
Gospel of Jesus’s Wife 10
Gospel of John 85, 140, 159, 210, 347n6, 528
against Jews 599
on leadership 310
Mary Magdalene in 430, 436, 438, 441, 442
queering kin-making in 205–206, 208
Samaritan woman in 310–311
Sophia in 473
Gospel of Luke 40, 308–309, 419
infancy narrative in 451–452
Jesus’s Passion in 610–611
on leadership 309
marriage in 566
on Mary, mother of Jesus 451–452, 455–456, 527
Mary Magdalene in 436–439
parthenos in 561–562
(p. 685) procreation, children, family in 552
prophets in 455–456, 512
on resurrection body 663, 664
Sophia in 472–473
Gospel of Mark 85, 88, 101, 306–307, 410–411
on divorce 224–225, 523–524
Jesus’s Passion in 610
Mary Magdalene in 430
on resurrection body 663–664
Gospel of Mary 433, 440
Mary Magdalene and 434, 510
Gospel of Matthew 77, 164–166, 229, 304, 439
in affirmative-identifying LGBTIQ strategies 184–185
on eunuchs 525, 566
genealogy in 305–306
infancy narrative in 451–453
John the Baptist in 300–301
on marriage 565–566
on Mary, mother of Jesus 451–455, 527
Mary Magdalene in 430
procreation, children, family in 552
prostitutes in 656, 657–658
on resurrection body 663–664
Sophia in 473
Gospel of Matthew 15:21–28 164–166
Gospel of Philip (Gos. Phil.) 208, 372, 417, 512–513
divine in 382
gnōsis in 382–383
koinōnos in 383–384
Mary Magdalene in 383–384, 432, 433–434, 440
in Nag Hammadi 372, 382–385
ritual kiss in 383–384
unity in 382–385
Valentinians and 382
world in 382–385
Gospel of Thomas (Gos. Thom.) 208, 372
Adam and 380–381
dualisms in 378–379
duality into unity in 378
female as male in 378–379
language of 380
Mary Magdalene in 378–379, 381, 399, 436, 444n1
meaning in 378–381
parents in 380
Philo and 379
primordial state and 380–381
salvation in 381
transformation in 378–379, 381
Gospels and Acts
adultery in 298–299
celibacy in 297
feminine ideals in 302–303
incest 300
lust 299
marriage and divorce 298–299
masculinity in 301–302
masturbation 299
Matthew 304–306
prostitution 300–301
singleness 296–297
sources of 295
thought and practice and 295
Goss, Robert 100–103, 182, 184
grammatically gendered languages 25–26
Grapte 514–515
Great Whore 190–192, 349–351, 655 See also Rome, great whore
Greek and Roman culture 594–597 See also Hellenistic philosophy and literature
Greek language 25–26
Greek myth 482n5
Greek novels 387
Gregory of Antioch 443
Gregory of Nyssa 457–458
Gregory of Tours 388–389
Gross, Sally 185
Guardiola-Sáenz, Leticia 165
Gubar, Susan 469
Gundry-Volf, Judith 547, 551
Gutiérrez, Gustavo 117
gynē (woman, wife) 10, 316–317, 530–531, 633
gynomorphic New Testament 141–142
Hadrian (emperor) 264–265, [link] , [link]
Hagar 204, 309, 323, 633, 634
(p. 686) hagiography 9
Ha-Katuv 146, 153n7
Halberstam, Judith 106, 198
Halperin, David 86, 178–179, 573, 574, 587
Halpern-Amaru, Betsy 288
Hanks, Thomas 184, 185, 192
Hanson, Ann 561
Haraway, Donna 199, 203, 209, 212
harlot saints 658n7
Harper, Kyle 574, 579, 584, 585, 588n4, 604
on continuity and difference 580–581
historicization and 586–587
Philo and 582–583
on porneia 593
on silences 581–582
on slavery and sexual availability 628, 629, 639–640
Harris, William 393–394, 395
Havea, Jione 104
Hayes, Christine 595
Hays, Richard 578
head-covering 228, 328, 494, 647, 650
Paul on 485, 493
of prophets 166–167
Thecla related to 492–493
hearing 376–377
Hebrew Bible 49
Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Jewish literature 470–471
Hebrew language 25–26
Hebrews 415
communities in 334, 336, 337
languages of 333–334
priesthood in 333, 337–338, 347n2
publics and counterpublics of 335–336
tension in 333, 337, 347n3
Hebrew Scriptures 576 See also Torah
Hellenistic philosophy and literature
conflict between 239
Ephesians 5:21–33 in 252–253
erotic love poetry in 239, 253n1
gender in 248–252
sex in 240–248
sexuality and 239–240
hemorrhaging woman 302, 306, 307
heresy 602, 655
Hermas 513, 514–515
Herodian women 230
Hierocles 241
Hilhorst, Anthony 491
Hiliarionis (Jerome) 621
Hippolytus 443
Hisako, Kinukawa 127
historians 7–8
historical-contextual LGBTIQ strategies
clobber passages on 177, 179
discontinuity and 180–181
female homoeroticism and 179–180
Foucault on 178–179
liberal interpreters and 181
misogyny and 180
Paul and 177–180
relevance of 178–180
vice list and 179
historical criticism and feminist reassessment, of Mary, mother of Jesus 450–453
historical distance 10, 180–181
“historical-incarnate,” 415, 422n3
historiography 29–30
queer futures and 107–109 See also material culture
historization 578–579, 587
history 118–119, 140, 186–187
artifacts of 40
definitions of 39, 41–42
of feminist biblical scholars 20–22
gender and 41–42
memory related to 39–40
perception of 40
The History of Sexuality (Foucault) 6–7, 10, 12n6, 77–78, 99, 107
history use and usefulness 124
Hock, Ronald F. 466n2
Hoffman, Lawrence 330n5
Hollywood, Amy 6, 9
Holofernes 289–290
Homer 70n3, 395, 607
Homily on Colossians (Chrysostom) 418
(p. 687) homoiōs (“in the same way”) 588n3
homonationalism 191
homosexual 99
homosexuality 177–178, 251, 297, 586 See also same-sex relations
homosexual offender (arsenokoitēs) 108, 179, 253n3, 576–577
honorable household 528–530
Horace 401n3
on marriage 533n1
on slavery and sexual availability 629
Horn, Cornelia 539, 540, 549
Hornsby, Teresa 103–104, 206
Horsley, Richard 118
Hort, Fenton John Anthony 141–142, 153n6
Hosea 27, 533n2, 595
hospitality 508
house church 327
household 240, 528–529
control of 390–391
family and 542
Jesus on 229, 530
in Jewish women’s life and practice 228–229
leadership roles in 507–508
management of 240, 548–549
household codes 341
biblical compliance prescriptions and 162
children in 548
slavery and sexual availability related to 640
submission in 508
Huber, Lynn 104, 190–191
Hultin, Jeremy 345
human 197–198
humanism 198 See also posthumanism
humility 551
husband 508
in Ephesians 211
Jesus as 413–417, 421
rights of 222
Hylen, Susan 459, 499n1
hypostasis (reality) 372
Hypostasis of the Archons (Hyp. Arch.)
androgyny in 373
“caricatures of ideal masculinity” in 482n3
character in 374
children in 374
Eve in 477
gender in 373–374
power in 373–374
rape in 373, 617–618, 621
reality in 372
Sophia and 474–475, 477
spiritual identity in 373–374
Hyrcanus, John 229–230
“hysterical suffocation,” 476–477, 482n5
ideal masculinity 353–355, 411–412, 414
identification
as Jews 129
in queerly critical LGBTIQ strategies 193See also affirmative-identifying LGBTIQ strategies
identities 103–104, 138, 190, 339, 420
Butler on 199–200
feminist biblical interpretation related to 22
gender 3–4, 349, 364n1
in Revelation 349, 355–356, 364n1 See also Christian identity
identity politics 139
idolatry 596–597
Ignatius 517
Iliad (Homer) 607
The Illegitimacy of Jesus (Schaberg) 453–454
imagery 371
incest 300, 305, 594, 645
infames (persons without dignity) 646, 653
Infancy Gospel of Thomas 554n1
inheritance 527–528
Abraham and 309, 323
inscriptions 48–49, 303, 443, 630, 636, 642n7
intersectionality 23, 32, 59, 61, 63, 65, 68, 70n5, 104, 190–191, 198, 201, 204, 206, 274, 315, 330n6, 642n11
“intimacies,” 316, 329n1
intrahuman unities 211
Iollas 353–354, 360
Ipsen, Avaren 656
(p. 688) Irenaeus of Lyon 480
against heresy 602
on Marcellina 515
on sexual slander 602
Irwin, Eleanor 561
Isaac 323, 330n6, 338
Isaiah 312, 525
Ishmael 323, 330n6
isotēs (equality) 319–320
Israel 492, 530–531, 533n2, 661
Jerusalem 533n2
sexual slander in 598–600 See also Jews
Jacob, Sharon 464–465
Jacobs, Andrew 419
“Jacob’s well,” 310–311
Japanese society 127
Jay, Nancy 207
Jennings, Theodore 101, 122, 184
Jerusalem, as prostitute 533n2
Jesus 110, 161, 206, 210, 295, 351
against adultery 635–637
in affirmative-identifying LGBTIQ strategies 184–185
ancient gender protocols and 408–409
anti-Jewish sexual slander and 599
body of 84
as bridegroom 297, 311, 530–531, 569–570
children and 546, 547, 549–550
circumcised Jew and 407–409, 417–420, 421
divine Wisdom and mother 407, 412–413
elite male and 407, 409–412
eunuchs and 416, 421, 566
final words of 610–611
gender of 407, 410–411, 421, 422, 422n1
God and 85, 140
“historical-incarnate” related to 415, 422n3
on household 229, 530
as husband 413–417, 421
illegitimacy of 306, 451–454
as Jewish celibate 560
levirate marriage and 522, 567
as Logos 147–148
on marriage 522–523, 567
Melchizedek and 333, 347n2
as mother 407, 412–413
paternity of 409–410, 527–528
Paul and 243
as perfect male 249, 409–412
private and public space and 226–227
as prophet 512
prostitutes or 563, 652
queering kin-making and 206
in queerly critical LGBTIQ strategies 187, 189, 191–192
same-sex relations and 184
on singleness 296–297
slaves and 409, 410
Sophia and 472, 473–474, 482n2
as virgin 413–415, 416
Jesus ACTED UP (Goss) 100–102
Jesus Movement 234, 236
Jewish celibates
Essenes as 559–560
Jesus as 560
Therapeutae as 560
Jewish families, ancient 558
Jewish literature of Second Temple period 279
Ben Sira in 282–284, 291
Book of the Watchers 280–282, 291, 292, 345, 667
Jubilees 280, 284–288, 291
Judith 288–292
Jewish women’s life and practice 53
household in 228–229
inclusion/exclusion in 227–228
patriarchy and 221–229, 236n1
politics and 229–231
public and private space and 225–227
religion and 231–236
in Second Temple period 221
Jews 129
Gospel of John against 599
identification as 129
nonliterary materials of 47–48, 49 See also Hebrews; Torah
(p. 689) “Jezebel,” 513, 514, 531–532
agency of 169–171
Jezebel of 2 Kings 168
Johannine Epistles 342–344, 347n6
John. See Gospel of John
John of Patmos. See Revelation
Johnson, Elizabeth A. 452–453, 455, 456, 466n3, 481
Johnson-DeBaufre, Melanie 64–65
Johnson-Hodge, Caroline 205, 530
John the Baptist 229, 230, 306
in Gospel of Matthew 300–301
as prophet 512
Sophia and 472
Jonas, Hans 480, 482n4
Jordan, Mark 421–422
Joseph 452, 527
Josephus 44, 279, 292n1
on divorce 224
on Jewish celibates 560
on John the Baptist 51
against marriage to slave women 633–634
on politics 230–231
on public and private space 226
sexual slander from 595
on witnesses and giving evidence 225
Journal of Material Culture 60, 66, 70n2
Jovinian controversy 669
Jubilees 280, 284–288, 291
Judah 287–288, 305
Judaism
biblical patriarchy in 221–229, 236n1
Christianity separation from 609
rabbinic 222, 224, 226–228, 303, 543
slavery and sexual availability in 633–635
“Judaism,” same-sex relations and 582–583
Jude
false teachers in 346
itinerants in 345, 347n9
“private” in 346
scripture and 344–345, 347n8
sexual slander in 601–602
Judith 288–292
Julia, daughter of Augustus 594
Junia (apostle) 510
Junior, Nyasha 159, 172
Justin Martyr 450
on circumcision 419
on heresy 602
on resurrection body 667
Second Apology 2 of 487, 497
against Simon Magus 655
Kampen, Natalie 65
Kant, Immanuel 142, 143
Kanyoro, Musimbi 126–127, 129, 130
Karlsen Seim, Turid 308, 458–459
Keller, Catherine 351
Kelto Lillis, Julia 457
kerygma 140
Kessler, Geynn 203
ketuba, ketubbah (marriage contract) 222, 224, 298
kinaidos 582–583
King, Karen 477, 479, 482n3
King James Version (KJV) 181, 240, 245, 249, 359
kin-making through consumption 207–208
kinship 182, 202, 336, 375, 461
marriage law against 526–528 See also queering kin-making
Kirby, Vicki 199–200
Kirk-Duggan, Cheryl A. 463
knowledge 371–372
Knust, Jennifer Wright 70n5, 600
Koch, Timothy R. 185
Koester, Craig 365n11
koinonia 209–210, 213n5
koinōnos (companion) 383–384
Koosed, Jennifer 201
Krondorfer, Björn 87
kubernēsis. See leadership
Kwok Pui-Lan 121, 126, 129–130, 132
kyriarchal historiography 29–30
kyriarchy 28–30, 160
Schüssler Fiorenza on 23–24, 31, 121
Kyung, Chung Hyun 463
Lactantius 352, 419
Ladurie, Le Roy 68–69
(p. 690) Langlands, Rebecca 396
languages 25–26, 284–285, 315, 330n2, 513
of Acts of Thecla 496
of athleticism 613
of General Epistles 334–335
of Gos. Thom. 380
of Hebrews 333–334
speaking in tongues 513
Laqueur, Thomas 8, 78, 579
de Lauretis, Teresa 97
law
divorce and 224–225
marriage contract in 224
patriarchy and 223–225
witnesses and giving evidence in 225
Layton, Bentley 480
leadership (kubernēsis) 303, 322, 328
definition of 505
Gospel of John on 310
Gospel of Luke on 309
of Phoebe 64, 327, 509, 517See also Mary Magdalene
leadership roles
as apostles 509–511
in assembly 508–509
celibacy and 506–507
deacons as 517–518
documentation on 506, 507
gendered cultural constraints and 506
gender in 509
in household 507–508
interpretation of 506
as martyrs 515–517
as patrons 508, 517
of Perpetua 516–517
as prophets 512–514
synagogue and 505–506
as teachers 514–515
truth about 507
as widows 517–518
women’s liberation in 506–507
women teaching women in 514, 515
Lee, Jarena 21
legal materials 49–50
lesbian history 186–187
lesbians 99–100 See also female homoeroticism
Letter of Jude 601–602
Levine, Amy-Jill 21–22, 165
on anti-Judaism and postcolonial feminist bible studies 126–130
levirate marriage 300
Jesus and 522, 567
Onan and 287–288, 305
Sadducees on 567
Levi-Strauss, Claude 489
Leviticus 575–576
Lewis, Agnes Smith 44
LGBTIQ strategies
affirmative-identifying 181–187
historical-contextual 177–181
queerly critical 187–194
Liber antiquitatum biblicarum (Pseudo-Philo) 292n1
liberation theology 117–118, 121, 123–124
Liew, Tat-Siong Benny 12, 189, 205–206, 410
Life and Miracles of Saint Thecla 511
Life Cycle of the Common Weed (Berrigan) 209
Light 380–381
Light from the East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Greco-Roman World (Deissmann) 62
Lillie, Celene 618
Linnaeus 142
literacy, ancient 43
Livingston, Ira 198
Loader, William 582
Logos (Word, speech) 139, 210, 610–611
in anthropomorphic New Testament 140–141
gender of 141, 149–150, 152, 153n3
Jesus as 147–148
Sophia and 473
Lorde, Audre 100
Lorenz, Hendrik 395
love 239, 241–243, 253n1, 342, 441, 539
of Mary Magdalene 433
in Revelation 358
Love between Women (Brooten) 108, 574–575
Lucretia, rape of 632–633
Lucretius 253n1
lust 299 See also desires
Luther, Martin 140–141, 144
Lutheran-Catholic dialogue 451
Luz, Ulrich 569
MacDonald, Dennis 489, 564
MacDonald, Margaret 636
MacLachlan, Bonnie 561
MacRae, George 477
Macrina 487–488
magic 621
in religion 233–234
Magnificat (Mary, mother of Jesus) 308, 455, 456, 463
Magus, Simon 479–480
Making Sex (Laqueur) 78
malakia, malakos (“softness”) 108, 179, 253n3, 595, 647
from vice lists 576–577
male partners 325–326
male prostitute (malakos) 576–577, 647
males (anthrōpos) 316–317
Malina, Bruce 593
Manichaean Psalms 434–435
The Man Jesus Loved: Homoerotic Narratives from the New Testament (Jennings) 101
manliness (andreia) 80, 399, 401n5, 557–558
Marcellina 515
Marchal, Joseph 573, 587, 604, 642n9
Mariamne 488
Mark. See Gospel of Mark
marriage 167, 298–299, 304–305
celibacy over 531–533, 557, 564, 601
Christian literature on 414–415
collectivities from 521
distribution through 533
in Gospel of Luke 566
Gospel of Matthew on 565–566
Horace on 533n1
Jesus on 522–523, 567
legitimacy of 521
marriage law against 522–523
of Mary Magdalene 417
metaphors on 521, 533
porneia and 563
purpose of 532–533
remarriage 508, 523–524
resurrection and 567–568
resurrection body related to 663–670
sexuality in 323–324
slaves and 529–530, 630–631, 639, 647
symbol of 521–522, 530–532
unmarried 324, 523 See also adultery; divorce; husband
marriage contract (ketuba, ketubbah) 222, 224, 298
marriage laws
from Augustus 528–529, 533n1, 558
against desire 524–526
against divorce 523–524
honorable household and 528–530
against kinship 526–528
against marriage 522–523
marriage metaphor 615
Martens, John 539, 540, 549
Martha 309, 310, 311
Martin, Clarice 160
Martin, Dale 248, 397, 456, 563, 573
on active partner 584–585
on myth 477
on prostitution 652
on resurrection body 669–670
on sexual slander 597
on sexual vices 576–577
Martínez, Javier 10
Martyr, Justin. See Justin Martyr
martyrdom 515–517
Blandina 516, 613–614, 615
Christian identity related to 611–613
feminine imagery and 614–615
gender and 622
marriage metaphor in 615
power related to 611–612
Roman imperial ideology and 613–616, 622n5
Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas 613
Martyrdom of Polycarp 612–613
martyrs, leadership roles as 515–517
Martyrs of Lyons 613
Marx, Karl 66, 67, 120
(p. 692) Mary, mother of Jesus 149, 223, 232, 296, 347n4
agency of 463–465
commission for 458
contextual interpretation of 463–465
gender and 454
genealogy of 454–455
Gospel of Luke on 451–452, 455–456, 527
Gospel of Matthew on 451–455, 527
historical criticism and feminist reassessment of 450–453
Indian surrogates compared to 464–465
Jesus’ death and 460
Magnificat from 308, 455, 456, 463
Martha and 309, 310
Mary Magdalene and 429
mention of 449
motherhood for 459–463
multiple meanings and choices of 458–459
name of 455
patriarchy and 454–455
as prophet 562
in Protevangelium of James 449–450, 456–458, 466n2, 562
rape of 452
roles of 451
silence of 460
social status of 453
in Temple 457
virginity of 305, 306, 450–459, 557
vulnerability of 459–460
Mary in the New Testament 450, 451
Mary Magdalene 222–223, 236, 236n2, 301, 306, 310
ambiguous leadership of 433–436
in Apocalypse of James 435
apostolic leadership of 441–443
as Beloved Disciple 441
canonical leadership of 429–431
commission for 430–431, 439, 442–443
demon-possession of 437
in Dialogue of the Savior 435
diminished leadership of 436–441
extracanonical leadership of 431–433
in Gospel of John 430, 436, 438, 441, 442
in Gospel of Luke 436–439
Gospel of Mary and 434, 510
in Gos. Phil. 383–384, 432, 433–434, 440
in Gos. Thom. 378–379, 381, 399, 436, 444n1
kiss for 432
love of 433
in Manichaean Psalms 434–435, 440
marriage of 417
Mary, mother of Jesus and 429
Mary of Bethany and 440–441
name of 429, 430, 440, 444, 444n1, 456
Peter and 439–440, 442
in Pistis Sophia 431–432, 434, 435, 439–440, 444n1
praise for 429, 432, 434, 435, 440, 444nn1–2
as prostitute 437–438, 443–444, 656
as resurrection witness 430, 431, 442–443, 444
in Sophia of Jesus Christ 435–436
visions of 433
Mary of Bethany 440–441
Marys, plethora of 223, 236n2
masculine qualities 160–161
masculinity 244, 248, 262, 420–421, 482n3
Acts Andr. and 397–398
in Acts of Thecla 494–495, 497
in Gospels and Acts 301–302
power related to 408
in Roman imperial ideology 408
strategies of 397–398 See also Revelation
masculinity/femininity suffering 609–616
masculinity studies
confessional theology in 86
criticism of 86–87
differences in 81
fluidity in 90
God in 85–86
Greco-Roman work in 79–80, 86
hegemony in 89–90
hermeneutical questions on 84–86
manliness in 80
methodology of 79–81
material body in 82–84
maturation of 89–91
politics in 87–91
postcolonialism in 81
(p. 693) poststructuralism and 78, 79–80
public and 90–91
purpose of 86–89
queer theory and 87–89
sociological studies in 80
theoretical questions on 82–84
violation and 82–84
masturbation 298
material body 82–84
material culture 59, 61, 70n2, 213n2
agency and 67–68, 69
archaeology 62–63, 65, 69
body varieties and 68–69
climate in 68–69
of detritus 69–70
epigraphic evidence of 64–65
European colonialism and 62, 63
feminist historiography and 63–66
god/s or spirits in 68
hermeneutics on 63–64
innovation of 63
Marx related to 66, 67
materialist historiography and 66–70
sexual practices and 65
of slaves 65–66
of small finds 65–66
value of 66
“visual culture” as 60, 64
materialist historiography 66–70
materiality 82–83
Material Religion: The Journal of Objects, Art, and Belief 61
Matthew. See Gospel of Matthew
Matthews, Shelly 7, 9, 10, 166
Maximilla 514, 627, 628
May, Alistair Scott 330n7
McGinn, Thomas 648, 658n2
McInerney, Jeremy 401n5
McNeill, John J. 185
Mead, Margaret 3
meat consumption 208, 358–359, 599–600
medicine, folk 234
Meeks, Wayne 318
Meier, John 560
Melchizedek 333, 337, 347n2
memory 39–40
Mendoza, Manuel Villalobos 89, 104
Menéndez-Antuña, Luis 587
men’s literary evidence
in Christian women’s history reconstruction 44–46
fiction as 44
rabbinic collections as 45
selectively of 45
meretrix. See prostitutes
Merz, Annette 415
Messerschmidt, James W. 89–90
Mesters, Carlos 117
Methodius 487, 569, 669
Metropolitan Community Church (MCC) 181–182
Meyerowitz, Joanne 3–4
microbiopolitics 207
Miller, Daniel 60, 66, 70n2
Miller-McLemore, Bonnie J. 459–460, 465n1
mimicry 119
“mind” (Nous) 153n9
Miriam 455
Mishnah 132, 224, 227–229, 312, 635
misogyny 350
modesty
of Perpetua 615–616
Tertullian on 622n5, 654–655
Moi, Toril 4–5
moicheia. See adultery
Montanist movement 514
Moore, Stephen 79, 187–188, 351, 411, 573, 585
moral code 631
morality, social class and 650–651
Mosala, Itumeleng J. 463
Moses 144, 145, 148, 599
mother
God as 149–150
Jesus as 407, 412–413
mourning 251, 272
over children 543–544
Moxnes, Halvnor 88, 213n3
Muñoz, José Esteban 105
Murphy, A. James 541, 547, 551–552
Musonius Rufus 247, 354, 398, 559
(p. 694) Myers, Alicia D. 462–463, 466n3
Myles, Robert 87–88
myth 280–282, 371, 480–481, 482n5
Martin on 477
in Revelation 351
in Roman imperial ideology 261–262
Nag Hammadi
Gospel of Philip in 372, 382–385
Gospel of Thomas 372, 378–381
Hyp. Arch. 372–374
imagery of 371
target domains and 371–372
Thund. 372, 374–377
nakedness
shame of 359, 619
violence related to 619
names and naming 286, 327
of Mary, mother of Jesus 455
of Mary Magdalene 429, 430, 440, 444, 444n1, 456
in Palestine 223
in patriarchy 222–223, 236n2
in reading strategies 25
violence related to 609
National Conference of Catholic Bishops 451
native patriarchal traditions 126–128
natural order 577–579
Nazirites 559
Nebuchadnezzar 288–289
Neutral text 142–143
New Prophecy 514, 516
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) 283, 359, 438, 567, 576, 597, 665
Abraham in 322
Ben Sira in 284
endurance in 357
gender in 327, 330n2
Mary and Martha in 309
prostitution in 651–652
sexual slander in 345
Sophia in 470
New Testament 140–141, 148
postcolonial gender and sexuality in 120–123
same-sex relations in 576–587
Sophia in 472–474
synagogues in 232–233 See also specific topics
New Testament female agency
African American women in 157–160, 171–172
biblical compliance prescriptions in 162–171
celebration of 173
masculine qualities and 160–161
personhood and 157, 158, 161
reimagination of 173
womanist reading in 157–160
New Testament rhetorical worlds 545–547
Neyrey, Jerome 602
Nickelsburg, George W. E. 281
Nicodemus 311
Nicolaus of Damascus 230
Nissinen, Martti 80
Nolland, John 566
nonfeminist interpreters 27
nonliterary materials
dates of 48–49
epitaphs 46–47, 48
graves 46
inscriptions 48–49
of Jews 47–48, 49
print collections 48
Northrop, F. S. C. 153n5
Nous (“mind”) 153n9
Nussbaum, Martha 409
O’Brien, Julia M. 11
Ocellus Lucanus 241
O’Day, Gail 165–166
Odes of Solomon 149–150
Oedipus 138–139
Olson, Kelly 647
Olyan, Saul 329n1
Onesimus 159, 325, 642n9
On the Life of Abraham (Martin) 584–585
On the Origin of the World 476
oppression 210–211
(p. 695) Oral Torah 145
Orientalism 142
Origen of Alexandria 43, 419, 669
anti-Jewish sexual slander from 598, 599
on women teachers 515
Osiek, Carolyn 629, 641n1
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies (O’Brien) 11
Paedagogus 149
“pagan,” 388, 391–392, 401n1
Pagels, Elaine 440
Palestine, names in 223
Palestinian Talmud 233–234
papyrology 70n5
parabolic virgins 568–570
Paradise 208
Parkin, Tim 543
parthenos (parthenoi). See Acts of Thecla; virgins
passions (pathē) 392–397
“passive homosexuals” (cinaedus) 575
Pastorals 329, 564–565
paterfamilias 160, 670
paternity
Abraham related to 304, 410, 526–527, 599
pater patriae
Augustus as 533n1
emperor as 263, 533n2
pathē (passions) 392–397
patriarchy 28, 302, 329, 670
in biblical Judaism 221–229, 222, 236n1
families and 558
Jewish women’s life and practice and 221–229
law and 223–225
Mary, mother of Jesus and 454–455
names and naming in 222–223, 236n2
patron (prostatis) 308
leadership roles as 508, 517
social power as 508
Patterson, Cynthia 539, 542
Paul (apostle) 107, 441–442
Acts of 388, 392, 401n2, 564
African American slaves and 159
arsenokoitēs and 253n3
baptismal formula and 609, 622n2
on body varieties 69
on celibacy 485, 525, 601
Christ and 243
on circumcision 417–418
emasculation of 83–84
failures of 620
haunting of 110
on head-covering 485, 493
historical-contextual LGBTIQ strategies and 177–180
hybrid from 53
Jesus and 243
on leadership roles 508–509
on marriage 414, 485–486, 523, 601
on masculinity 244
“performance” of 83
against prostitutes 651–653
scars of 82–83
self-authority of 50
on sex 2–3
on sexual dangers and remedies 562–564
sexual slander and 595–598, 600–601
on skeuos-slave relationship 638–639
on slavery and sexual availability 637–640, 642n9, 652–653
on Sophia 472
1 and 2 Timothy from 51–52, 53
Timothy and 325–326
virgin successor of 564–565
on virtue, slaves, and prostitution 651–653See also same-sex relations
Paul: A Study in Social and Religious History (Diessmann) 62
Pauline bodies
resurrection body and 664–666
spiritual body and 664–665
Pauline letters 315, 329n1
female teachers in 328
gender, ambiguous 329
gender and sexuality classification of 316–318
gender heritage 329
gospel of asceticism and new intimacies 323–324
(p. 696) gospel of foreskin in 320–322
as heir 322–323
Paul’s intimacies in 324–328
unity, equality, hierarchy 318–320
Paul’s intimacies 324–328
Paulus Silentiarius 239, 242–243, 252–253
Paxton, Heather 198, 207
Peck, Alan J. Avery 662
pederasty 177–178, 299
Pelikan, Jaroslav 449, 465n1
Pentecost 311–312
gender at 512
perception history 140
Perkins, Judith 670
Perpetua (saint) 43, 491, 622n5
leadership role of 516–517
modesty of 615–616
social order and 614
Perroni, Marinella 308
Perry, Matthew J. 631–632
Persians 396–397, 398, 401n3
Persistent Woman Who Outwitted Jesus (Matthew 15:21–28)
acceptance from 165
desperation of 164–165
dismissal of 164–165
faith of 164
loudness of 164
perseverance of 164–165
power concealed as concession and 165–166
persons without dignity (infames) 646, 653
1 Peter 342, 431
on husband’s conversion 508
priesthood in 341
2 Peter 346, 602
Peter 348, 392, 458
Mary Magdalene and 439–440, 442 See also Acts of Peter
Petersen, Silke 413
Petrey, Taylor 568
Petronius 394–395
Pharisees 235, 236n3
on divorce 565
queerly critical LGBTIQ strategies and 192–193
Philadelphia inscription 630, 636, 642n7
Philippians 3:7–16 243
Philo of Alexandria 44, 45, 53, 226, 247, 279, 295
active partner and 584–585, 588n4
on Essenes 559–560
Gos. Thom. and 379
against same-sex relations 582–583, 588n4
sexual slander from 595
on slavery and sexual availability 634–635, 642n6
on Sophia 471, 478
philosophic gender
physiology of insatiability in 250–252
Phoebe 64, 327, 509, 517
Phrygia 514
pimps 627–628, 648
Pippin, Tina 162, 169, 350, 356, 456
Pistis Sophia 431–432, 434, 444n1 See also Sophia
Plaskow, Judith 129
Pliny the Elder 559–560
Pliny the Younger 52, 265–266
Plutarch 248–249, 252, 253, 253n2, 363
skeuos-slave relationship for 638
on slavery and sexual availability 631, 634–635
pneuma (Spirit) 69, 204, 205, 462, 530
Polaski, Sandra Hack 161, 163
politics 20–22, 31–32, 139, 207
Jewish women’s life and practice and 229–231
in masculinity studies 87–91
in Roman imperial culture 259–260
Pollini, John 650
Polybius 638
polygyny 222
Ponticus 615
pop cultural nonhumans 197
porneia (sexually immorality, prostitution) 299, 317–318
adultery compared to 630
1 Corinthians against 562–563
divorce related to 523
Gentiles related to 596–597
(p. 697) idolatry related to 596–597
marriage and 563
moicheia compared 630
in Revelation 358–359
slavery and sexual availability related to 592–594, 639–641, 642n9 See also prostitution; specific topics
Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome (Richlin, ed.) 65
postcolonial bible studies challenges
deconstruction in 124–125
history use and usefulness as 124
liberation theology and postcolonial theory as 121, 123–124
self-reflection from 125
postcolonial gender and sexuality
biblical history in 118–119
decolonization of 122–123
empire studies in 118–119
hybridity in 119
liberation theology in 117–118
Marx in 120
mimicry in 119
in New Testament 120–123
postcolonialism 81, 259
queer scriptures and 104–105
posthumanism
Antichrist and 199
creation/procreation in 202–203
description of