Acid-Sensing Ion Channels
Stefan Gründer
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated Na+ channels. Being almost ubiquitously present in neurons of the vertebrate nervous system, their precise function remained obscure for a ...
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Age-Related and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Central Consequences in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus
Ruili Xie, Tessa-Jonne F. Ropp, Michael R. Kasten, and Paul B. Manis
Hearing loss generally occurs in the auditory periphery but leads to changes in the central auditory system. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and age-related hearing loss (ARHL) affect ...
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Aging Processes in the Subcortical Auditory System
Donald M. Caspary and Daniel A. Llano
As arguably the third most common malady of industrialized populations, age-related hearing loss is associated with social isolation and depression in a subset of the population that will ...
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Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes, Mechanisms, and Steps Toward Prevention
Se Hoon Choi and Rudolph E. Tanzi
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly; it is clinically characterized by progressive memory loss and catastrophic cognitive dysfunction. ...
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AMPA and Kainate Receptors
G. Brent Dawe, Patricia M. G. E. Brown, and Derek Bowie
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and KARs) are dynamic ion channel proteins that govern neuronal excitation and ...
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Associative Learning in Invertebrates
Romuald Nargeot and Alexis Bédécarrats
Behaviors of invertebrates can be modified by associative learning in a similar manner to those of vertebrates. Two simple forms of associative learning, Pavlovian and operant conditioning, ...
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The Auditory Brainstem Implant: Restoration of Speech Understanding from Electric Stimulation of the Human Cochlear Nucleus
Robert V. Shannon
The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted device to electrically stimulate auditory neurons in the cochlear nucleus complex of the brainstem in humans to restore ...
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Auditory Systems of Drosophila and Other Invertebrates
Yun Doo Chung and Jeongmi Lee
Hearing in invertebrates has evolved independently as an adaptation to avoid predators or to mediate intraspecific communication. Although many invertebrate groups are able to respond to ...
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Autoantibodies and Neuropathic Pain
John M. Dawes and David L. Bennett
A number of clinical studies indicated an association between autoantibodies and neuropathic pain. This is supported by the observation that immunotherapies that reduce antibody levels ...
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Axon Trajectories in the Auditory Brainstem
Nell Beatty Cant
This chapter summarizes what is known about the organization of the axons that make up the white matter of the auditory brainstem. The sources of the axons in each of the major fiber ...
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Brainstem Encoding of Speech and Music Sounds in Humans
Nina Kraus and Trent Nicol
The encoding of speech and music in the auditory brainstem is available at the human scalp via the auditory-evoked frequency following response. The FFR, primarily reflecting activity in ...
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Cancer and Pain
Rie Bager Hansen and Sarah Falk
Pain is a common and feared complication for many cancer patients. Cancer pain covers numerous pain syndromes; since the treatment is complex, it is essential to assess each individual ...
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Central Nervous System Pain Pathways
Andrew J. Todd and Fan Wang
Nociceptive primary afferents detect stimuli that are normally perceived as painful, and these afferents form synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the spinal trigeminal ...
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Changes in the Inferior Colliculus Associated with Hearing Loss: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, Age-Related Hearing Loss, Tinnitus and Hyperacusis
Alan R. Palmer and Joel I. Berger
The inferior colliculus is an important auditory relay center that undergoes fundamental changes following hearing loss, whether noise induced (NIHL) or age related (ARHL). These changes ...
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Changes in TMS measures induced by repetitive TMS
Joseph Classen, Ying-Zu Huang, and Christoph Zrenner
Commonly used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols, including regular rTMS, intermittent and continuous theta-burst stimulation (TBS) and quadripulse stimulation ...
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Changes in TMS measures of cortical excitability induced by transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation
Michael A. Nitsche, Walter Paulus, and Gregor Thut
Brain stimulation with weak electrical currents (transcranial electrical stimulation, tES) is known already for about 60 years as a technique to generate modifications of cortical ...
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Chemo- and Optogenetic Strategies for the Elucidation of Pain Pathways
Sascha R. A. Alles, Anne-Marie Malfait, and Richard J. Miller
Pain is not a simple phenomenon and, beyond its conscious perception, involves circuitry that allows the brain to provide an affective context for nociception, which can influence mood and ...
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Chemosensory Transduction in Arthropods
Monika Stengl
Reception of chemicals via olfaction and gustation are prerequisites to find, distinguish, and recognize food and mates and to avoid dangers. Several receptor gene superfamilies are ...
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Chloride Channels in Nociceptors
Uhtaek Oh and Jooyoung Jung
Pain may be induced by activation of various ion channels expressed in primary afferent neurons. These channels function as molecular sensors that detect noxious chemical, temperature, or ...
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Clinical utility of TMS-EMG measures
Robert Chen and Kai-Hsiang Stanley Chen
This chapter focuses on the utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for clinical diagnosis and follow-up. It first introduces the methods to measure corticospinal excitability, ...
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