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5150: On Unethical Privacy is an autobiographical piece where Matthew Reynolds recounts the situation wherein he was involuntarily committed shortly before his 21st birthday. He describes the situation that led to his psychotic break, and the problems his parents had, who he is very close to and have had a large place in his treatment. He was incapable of informed consent and, after being tranquilized, due to his manic depression, he slept for 36 hours wherein neither his parents, physician, psychiatrist, or anybody else were contacted. Finally, his main moral dilemma is discussed. He highlights just what went wrong ethically based on his own memory of events, which he learned of during and after his involuntary committal. His main argument is: “what use is a psychotic patient’s undeniable rights to privacy, if he is incapable of helping himself?” He notes how these systems backfired throughout.

Dementia caregiving is associated with negative physical and psychological health consequences. Multicomponent, behavioural, and psychotherapeutic interventions for reducing caregivers’ distress, particularly the cognitive-behavioural ones, present the greatest effect sizes, but nevertheless these effects are only moderate. The third wave of behavioural therapies and, specifically acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), offers interesting therapeutic tools aimed at fostering the acceptance of aversive internal experiences and the commitment to personal values. Given the chronic nature of the caregiving situation and the unchangeability of many of its elements (e.g. feeling sadness or grief), ACT represents a promising and potentially helpful therapeutic approach to help dementia caregivers to decrease their emotional distress. Very few studies have so far analysed the efficacy of ACT or some of its components (e.g. mindfulness) in this population, but these provide some preliminary support for the utility of this approach in improving caregivers’ psychological well-being. Assuming the need for further research in order to consider ACT as an empirically validated therapy for dementia caregivers, in this chapter we analyse, in the context of caregiving, the psychological processes highlighted in the ACT model of psychopathology, such as experiential avoidance, describing examples of them in cases of caregivers we have assisted in our clinical work, and outlining ACT-based therapeutic strategies that we have found useful on a clinical basis for modifying them.

The autobiographical story of Dieter is sketched here to portray his struggle to fit in the worlds of others while living in a world that is created from his luscious and profound imagination, but that is hardly possible, and mostly impossible, for others to grasp or even imagine. In spite of his reading a lot, much intellectual ability and ability with words, Dieter’s inabilities are both subtle and like walking into a brick wall. He is not defined by these limitations, however, even though his identity has been a burden. Instead, he believes, among many other things, in creating endless possibilities through the powers of thought, and heroically wants to share his world through poetry and writings that have not been heard or read before.

The fields of feminist, multicultural, and counseling psychology have historical roots in activism, advocacy, and social justice. Most of the existing literature exploring the intersections of these three fields of psychology has focused at the micro-level. In this chapter we (a) define and elaborate on the concepts of social justice, activism, and advocacy, particularly focusing on the meso and macro levels within feminist multicultural counseling psychology; (b) discuss the various contexts in which social justice work is taking place; (c) weave together the existing literature with interview data to illustrate the multifaceted work of feminist multicultural counseling psychologists involved in activism, advocacy, and social justice activities at these larger systemic levels; and (d) make recommendations for future directions in feminist-social justice counseling psychology.

This chapter discusses the current understanding of relations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use. Children with ADHD are at risk for problems in substance use; evidence suggests that the relations between ADHD and substance use may differ across age groups, gender, and comorbid conditions. Important issues regarding appropriate assessment and developmental trajectories may play a role in how these differences are understood. In comorbid substance use and ADHD, significant overlap in genetic, neurobiological, and trait factors suggests that ADHD and substance use share a common etiology, although factors influencing the phenotypic expression of these factors continue to play an important role in how comorbidity is expressed. Finally, treatment of these comorbid conditions is discussed, both in terms of the issues surrounding medication for ADHD in the context of substance abuse and potential nonmedication treatments that address both substance use and ADHD symptoms through cognitive behavioral strategies.

Resilience refers to positive adjustment among youth who have been exposed to one or more risk factor(s). In this chapter, we review articles published within the past two decades that have included a focus on resilience processes among adolescents at risk of using substances. The review is organized by the level of promotive factor investigated (individual, family, and community), followed by a review of studies that have focused on exposure to cumulative risk and promotive factors. Prior to reviewing these studies, we provide a brief overview of resilience theory, including key terms and models of resilience. The chapter concludes by addressing the limitations of the research on resilience and adolescent substance use and makes recommendations for future research.

Abstract The impact of environmental factors on psychological functioning has received much attention in the psychological literature and has expanded the scholarship on mental heath beyond individual-level variables and intrapsychic processes. The current chapter therefore reviews the role of societal oppression on the psychological functioning of individuals from historically marginalized groups. In addition the chapter frames prevention as an important social justice tool that can be used in order to facilitate the well-being of individuals and groups who continue to experience oppression based on such factors as race, sexual orientation, and gender. The chapter concludes by providing a case illustration of social justice–based prevention as it applies to antiracism advocacy.

This chapter discusses mental health advocacy in the UK and how the history of mental health care has influenced current practice, as well as how the advocacy sector in general has shaped government policy and legislation. The emphasis is on England and Wales, although advocacy delivery in Scotland and Northern Ireland is also considered. The chapter first defines advocacy and outlines its history in the UK before analyzing recent developments in the country. It then examines the principles of advocacy (independence; empowerment; representation, information, support; accountability; confidentiality), together with different forms of advocacy in the UK and key legislation, including the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 1983 in England and Wales. Finally, it looks at issues and challenges faced by mental health advocates with regard to ethics and values, such as conflicts of interest and duty, the nature of professional obligations and neutrality, and social justice.

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a significant developmental stage. When foster youth age out of the child welfare system, they are at risk of having to transition without family support. This chapter applies the life course perspective to describe the theoretical and contextual foundation that explains the hardships foster youth experience when emancipated from the US child welfare system. Next, the theoretical basis for natural mentoring among foster youth is explored using the resiliency perspective to frame the discussion. Then, current research on natural mentoring among foster youth is reviewed. Implications are drawn for US child welfare practice, policy, and research with respect to how to improve outcomes for youth who age out of foster care through the cultivation of natural mentoring relationships. The chapter concludes with an examination of systems in place to support transitioning foster youth from England, Israel, and Australia.

With the increasing numbers of older Americans and the need for employment at older ages, the aim of this chapter is to explore recent trends in older workers’ employment and retirement patterns by various subgroups such as age, gender, race and immigration status, income, and occupation. A discussion of how these trends may differentially affect older workers’ future opportunities for continued work or retirement will also be provided. In addition, the major U.S. government policies and programs for individuals who stay in or return to the workforce at later ages are explained. The chapter ends with a discussion on the implications of these subgroup trends and future directions for research on subgroups of older workers.

Personality traits and job attitudes are related to a number of important work-related outcomes. In this chapter we explore age-related changes in both the Big Five personality traits and job attitudes, with a particular focus on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We begin by reviewing the literature on personality traits and age, which suggests that personality traits are characterized by both stability and change over the life course. We then discuss the literature on job attitudes and age. Next, we examine the relationships between personality and job attitudes, and contemplate how these relationships might be affected by age. Finally, we offer directions for future research on age, personality, and job attitudes.

This chapter examines alcohol and drug use as risk factors for delinquency during adolescence. There is strong evidence for comorbidity between substance use and delinquency for individuals. Users, compared to nonusers, are more likely to be delinquent; and delinquents, compared to nondelinquents, are more likely to use substances. Conversely, substance use and delinquency follow different developmental patterns from adolescence into young adulthood, and trends in adolescent substance use and delinquency from 1980 through 2009 do not converge well. Alcohol, compared to drugs, has a stronger acute effect on adolescent aggression/violence. Developmentally, there appears to be a reciprocal association between substance use and delinquency, although findings differ across samples and time frames. There are several alternative models that explain why alcohol and drug use are risk factors for adolescent delinquency.

Abstract There is an increasing awareness of inequities in cancer outcomes for marginalized populations. A great number of these health disparities arise in the context of adverse psychosocial conditions. Thus, there is a need to focus on the psychosocial context in which disparities arise. In this chapter, we first introduce our readers to some key factors that make our work in this area imperative. Second, we present an overview of breast and cervical cancer disparities and the main factors that influence screening in medically underserved populations. Third, given the need to anchor prevention efforts in the communities in which disparities arise, as well as the need to involve community participants in the design and implementation of prevention programs, we describe the community readiness model. Finally, we discuss the use of lay health advisors as a community-based intervention that has been widely used to increase cancer screening rates in medically underserved populations.

An increasing understanding of the etiology, course, prevention, and treatment of substance use disorders and their related harms continues apace, aided by multidisciplinary research efforts and new discoveries and technologies in a range of allied scientific disciplines. In this concluding chapter of The Oxford Handbook of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders, the authors highlight a range of opportunities and challenges facing those interested in gaining a basic understanding of the nature of these phenomena and the novel approaches emerging to assess, prevent, and treat these conditions with the goal of reducing the enormous burden these problems place on individuals, families, communities, and our global society as a whole.

An increasing understanding of the etiology, course, prevention, and treatment of substance use disorders and their related harms continues apace, aided by multidisciplinary research efforts and new discoveries and technologies in a range of allied scientific disciplines. In this concluding chapter of The Oxford Handbook of Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders, the authors highlight a range of opportunities and challenges facing those interested in gaining a basic understanding of the nature of these phenomena and the novel approaches emerging to assess, prevent, and treat these conditions with the goal of reducing the enormous burden these problems place on individuals, families, communities, and our global society as a whole.

This chapter provides an introduction to, and overview of, substance use expectancy theory, which offers one framework to explain why individuals approach and engage in substance use behaviors. We begin with an overview of basic behavioral science models of expectancy, noting that the capacity to anticipate outcomes of behaviors, and hence choose to engage in behaviors from which one expects benefits or rewards, is central to adaptive functioning. We note the importance of the insight that this anticipation/expectancy principle can be applied to substance use. We then review models of the development of learned anticipations or expectancies of reward from substance use and consider factors that influence substance use expectancy development. We observe that longitudinal data, documenting expectancies’ prediction of subsequent addictive behaviors, and experimental data, documenting reductions in both drinking and eating disorder symptoms following expectancy reduction, speak to the functional role of expectancies in addictive behaviors.

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is the applied science and professional practice devoted to understanding and changing human behavior. The characteristics of applied behavior analysis include (a) a focus on socially important behavior; (b) demonstration of functional relationships between environmental events and behavior; (c) clear description of procedures; (d) connection to basic behavioral principles; and (e) production of meaningful, generalizable, and long-lasting changes in behavior. This chapter provides an overview of the field of ABA starting with issues in assessment and research design, followed by a review of basic behavioral principles that form the foundation of ABA procedures. Next, procedures to establish new behaviors are reviewed and the functional approach to assessing and changing problem behavior is described.

The demarcation of work-nonwork that has been characterized by sharp retirement (e.g., ending a long-term job) is now more often characterized by individuals seeking either to continue working or opting for a dull or gradual retirement (move to a bridge job or part-time work). The growing percentage of older adults in the population is increasing the percentage of older workers; moreover, low-wage workers are older and more educated than in the recent past. The health status of the future workforce will include individuals with and without chronic disease, and predictions of improved health must be tempered by trends in the percentage of adults with obesity and obesity-related health changes. With the economic uncertainties since 2007, many older workers are finding they need to continue working longer than they had expected. These shifting financial, needs as well as an interest in continuing to contribute to society, are drawing many older workers into steady or episodic market work and volunteer work. This chapter will examine the relationship between aging and working from two psychology-of-working perspectives, the organizational perspective and the self-management perspective.