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(p. 895) Subject Index
(p. 895) Subject Index
ablative 16–19, 21, 24, 80, 122–5, 140, 143, 147, 149, 179–81, 189, 193, 196, 209, 211–13, 216, 220–1, 235, 317, 324, 327–8, 359, 441, 443–7, 452, 455, 458–60, 462–4, 466–7, 470, 473–4, 495, 499, 515–16, 518, 520, 525–6, 530, 532, 559–60, 569, 590–1, 598–9, 604, 607, 610–12, 614–16, 618–19, 621–5, 636, 640, 646, 652, 654, 678–9, 708, 712, 719, 721, 731, 737–8, 759, 761, 764, 780
absolutive 6, 23, 30–2, 57, 73, 89–90, 98–9, 102, 111–12, 114, 122, 129, 132–4, 197, 201, 206–8, 210–11, 222–4, 227, 242, 262, 268–9, 287, 304, 323, 328, 330–3, 335, 346, 351, 357–8, 360, 362–4, 377, 380, 401, 441, 447, 500, 510, 512–13, 520, 525, 535–7, 541–3, 550, 556, 563–5, 585, 611, 616, 635, 639, 643, 656–8, 660–1, 670, 690, 705, 710, 759–60, 772–3, 775, 797, 799, 801–7
free 133–4
accusative, see also zero accusative 30, 32, 39, 46, 53, 64, 76, 81, 92, 95, 97, 112, 116, 118–19, 145, 171, 173, 189, 195, 223, 226, 277, 283, 335, 350, 372, 374, 384, 388, 408–9, 412–13, 416, 430–5, 453, 459, 529, 538–9, 549–61, 611–12, 622, 645, 654, 659–62, 664, 745–50, 754, 773, 790, 809
definite 555
action tier 34
adjective 13–14, 63, 74, 175, 194, 197–8, 203–4, 224, 226–7, 229, 234–5, 239–40, 284, 286–7, 385, 395, 424, 429, 447, 485, 567, 624, 629, 657–8, 692, 725
adjunction vs. subjunction 131–2
affectedness 20, 35, 145–6, 167, 267, 275, 322, 326, 330, 338, 340–1, 345, 347, 357, 360, 362–3, 514, 550, 574–6, 661, 804
Affectedness relation/AFF relation 34
total 145–6
agentive 29–31, 37, 40, 68–70, 80, 127, 129–30, 148, 251, 263–4, 269–70, 305, 308, 325–8, 332, 337, 341, 352, 364, 376–7, 513, 523, 530–1, 566, 570, 595, 598–600, 661–2, 680, 717, 719, 745, 752, 798, 800, 809, 815
agentivity prototype 531
agrammatism 420–35
agreement
affixal 10, 186, 188, 194–5, 197–8, 201, 231, 233, 237, 239–41, 243–5, 257, 287, 291, 293, 297–8, 300–2, 306, 370, 378, 386–7, 458–60, 462–3, 481, 483–4, 487, 494–9, 507, 510, 550–1, 553, 564, 576, 583, 595–7, 602–4, 607–8, 610–11, 613–15, 628–9, 631, 657, 692–4, 697, 736, 743, 777, 800, 817
with object, see object agreement
with subject, see subject agreement
alignment
marked nominative 68, 74, 76, 310, 329, 341, 364, 466, 492, 512, 535–548, 560, 635, 653, 659, 663, 666, 691, 699, 744, 761, 801
split accusative 741
allative 21, 24, 80, 122, 179–80, 189, 196, 203, 208–11, 216, 327, 341, 354, 443–7, 452, 458, 463, 467–9, 497, 500–1, 511–13, 515–16, 518, 520, 526, 530, 558, 569, 573, 575, 577–8, 580, 610–12, 614–16, 618–19, 621–5, 630, 652, 657, 674, 678, 698, 704, 708, 712, 744, 759, 764
alternation
accusative-partitive 553
case, see case alternation
dative-ergative 32
intransitive/intransitivizing 361
spray/load 531
animacy 5, 27, 35, 95, 101, 181, 223–4, 226–7, 256, 261, 292, 295, 301, 328, 340–1, 345–9, 351, 376, 388, 396–7, 409–10, 427, 452, 454–5, 550–2, 565, 578, 586, 600, 604–5, 664, 691, 708, 724, 745, 798, 809, 815
apudelative 617
apudlative 617
apudtranslative 617
argument
aspect 27, 60, 77, 135, 174, 176, 181, 190, 250, 300, 301, 319, 340, 346–7, 351, 363–4, 376, 397, 483, 505, 517, 566, 580, 646, 691, 701, 757, 798–9, 804, 809, 813, 817
aspectual class of predicate 77
asymmetric case system, see case system(s), asymmetric
asymmetry, see case asymmetry
backgrounding 143
benefactive, beneficiary 152, 334–7, 458, 463, 467–8, 511, 514, 524–7, 573–7, 604, 638, 678, 708, 726
(p. 897)
case alternation 5, 32, 53, 72–3, 76–8, 87, 93–5, 101, 175, 206, 339–41, 347, 349, 351, 662, 814
asymmetric 341
split 341–2
case asymmetry 4, 246–52, 254–6, 520, 551
additive 250–2
equipollent-quantitative 250
figure-ground 141
qualitative 255
split-function 251–2
subtractive 253
trajector-landmark 141
case feature, see also uninterpretable feature 54, 65, 84, 186–7, 200, 221, 289, 378, 380, 386–7, 392, 395, 398, 403, 408, 411, 413, 657–8
case-inflected adverbs 737
case marking
differential 9, 32, 66, 68, 71, 90–1, 94–5, 97–8, 101, 173, 292–3, 339–55, 483, 523, 552, 603, 659, 665, 742–55
differential object marking (DOM) 5, 8, 9, 67, 95–9, 172–3, 223–4, 257, 283, 310, 340–1, 345–55, 358, 360, 523, 529, 532, 551–2, 554, 556, 558, 659–60, 705–7, 709–10, 714–15, 742, 746
split 691
case meaning, see also semantics (of case) 7, 137–40, 143, 146, 169, 218, 721
Sonderbedeutung/individual meaning 21
Hauptbedeutung/principal meaning 21
case paradigm 2, 8–9, 198, 200–3, 205–7, 209–10, 217–18, 254–5, 304, 439, 444–6, 456, 464, 472, 482, 626, 634, 660, 667, 672–3, 677, 683, 723, 736, 792–4
case polysemy 8–9, 15, 137, 139–40, 143, 147, 149–50, 466–7, 500, 511–12, 518–34, 567, 590, 598, 653, 688, 690
accusative-allative 558
accusative-dative 558
accusative-genitive 559
allative-dative-accusative 559
comitative 605–6
comitative-instrumental 467
dative-accusative 532
ergative 567
ergative-genitive 532
ergative-instrumental 598
genitive-ablative 532
genitive-locative 591
instrumental-accusative 532
regular polysemy 519
case relationship 28–9
case stability hierarchy 724
case syncretism, see also case polyfunctionality 77, 137, 140, 143, 147, 188, 203–4, 219–30, 241, 248, 253, 451–2, 470–1, 474, 501, 519, 527, 558–90, 623, 642, 657–8, 696, 704, 757, 759
case system(s)
case reducing 455–6
history of, see diachrony/diachronic
tridimensional spatial case system 618
case, abessive, see abessive
case, ablative, see ablative
case, absolutive, see absolutive
case, accusative, see accusative
case, adverbial 508
case, adelative, see adelative
case, adessive, see adessive
case, allative, see allative
case, apudelative, see apudelative
case, apudessive, see apudessive
case, apudlative, see apudlative
case, apudtranslative, see apudtranslative
case, associative, see associative
case, aversive, see aversive
case, central 22
case, comparative, see comparative
case, composite 644
case, constructive, see constructive
case, core 25, 55, 89, 194, 222–5, 227, 229, 244, 317, 458, 485–6, 489, 495, 497, 499, 508, 524, 540, 542, 556, 558, 572, 592, 600, 661–2, 664, 667, 689, 736, 777, 809, 816, 818
case, dative, see dative
case, delative, see delative
case, designative, see designative
case, directive, see directive
case case, elative, see elative
case, equative, see equative
case, ergative, see ergative
case, essive, see essive
case, genitive, see genitive
case, illative, see illative
case, inelative, see inelative
case, inessive, see inessive
case, instrumental, see instrumental
case, interelative, see interelative
case, interlative, see interlative
case, lative, see lative
case, lexical 6–7, 51, 63, 73–4, 76, 79–80, 82, 84, 86, 270, 273, 341, 372, 412, 420, 432–4, 508, 655
case, locative, see locative
case, marginal, see case, Randkasus
case, morphological/m-case 3–4, 9, 51–2, 56–7, 72–4, 76–8, 82, 84, 90, 94–5, 98–9, 128, 172, 175, 185–8, 199, 203, 247, 249, 272, 276–90, 304, 306, 375, 403, 420, 423–4, 427, 433–4, 476, 512, 603, 627, 655–60, 664, 667, 688, 722, 812
case, nominative, see nominative
case, oblique 14–15, 78, 80, 89, 140, 190, 194, 204, 214, 220, 315, 324, 326, 350, 353, 412, 425, 441–3, 472, 495, 508, 520, 527, 557–8, 560, 590, 592, 637–8, 642, 660, 664, 671, 697, 699–700, 702, 704–6, 708, 711–13, 717, 719–23, 725–31, 771, 786, 788
case, partitive, see partitive
case, peripheral, see case, Randkasus
case, positional 69
case, prepositional, see prepositional
case, presentative 643
case, prolative, see prolative
case, proprietive, see proprietive
case, prosecutive, see prosecutive
case, proximative, see proximative
case, semantic 67–8, 70, 73, 76, 78, 170–1, 189, 197, 200–1, 217–18, 345, 362, 364–5, 508, 573, 576, 590, 594, 637, 660–2, 773
case, similative, see similative
case, structural 6, 53, 56–8, 69, 73, 77, 80, 84, 87, 91, 172, 177, 197, 270, 272, 274, 345, 372, 412, 417, 433, 508, 550, 576, 655, 660–1, 665
case, subelative, see subelative
case, subessive, see subessive
case, sublative, see sublative
case, subtranslative, see subtranslative
case, superelative, see superelative
case, superessive, see superessive
case, superlative, see superlative
case, supertranslative, see supertranslative
case, syntactic/s-case 3, 9, 21, 72–4, 76–87, 121–2, 173, 185–7, 199–200, 289, 550, 590, 598, 621, 637, 644, 656–62, 667
case, synthetic 716–17
case, terminative, see terminative
case, translative, see translative
case, theories of, see also Cognitive Grammar, Generative Grammar, Generative Semantics, Government Binding theory/GB, Lexical Functional Grammar, Localist Case Grammar, Minimalism, Natural Morphology, Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), Optimality Theory, Relational Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar
humanistic theory of case 125
case, unmarked 8, 22–3, 32, 37, 40, 64, 68, 73, 77, 91, 95, 98, 101, 107, 114, 194, 201, 210, 212, 228, 235, 251, 253, 264, 310, 323, 332–3, 339, 341, 348–9, 352–3, 365, 417, 482, 492, 512, 523, 525, 531, 535–9, 541, 543, 552, 555–6, 558, 581, 591, 616, 621–2, 625, 630–1, 635, 652–3, 656, 658–9, 661, 690, 692, 699, 710, 743–4, 761, 764, 773, 787–91, 793, 797, 801, 807, 809
case, vocative, see vocative
case, Vollkasus 22
causal chain model 527
causative 26, 104–5, 108, 134, 265, 270, 322, 329, 336, 476, 515, 569, 579, 681, 749, 751–2, 792, 798, 811
clitic 186, 194–5, 277, 292, 298, 301–2, 310, 458, 481, 484, 487, 553, 564, 595–6, 604, 638, 692, 713–15
second position clitic 692
floating clitic 714
cliticization 620
cognitive scenarios 155–6
comitative 8, 137, 138, 143, 149, 186, 198, 215–17, 228, 229, 239, 251, 257, 354, 446, 447, 459, 460–3, 467, 469, 496, 499, 500, 511, 514, 525–7, 529, 530, 532, 569, 570, 595, 596, 599, 601–9, 618, 673, 678, 684, 685, 689, 690, 706, 712, 717, 719–22, 725, 780, 785, 863
comparative (case) 511
complement 15, 19, 25, 38–9, 45–6, 50–1, 80, 83–6, 91–2, 131, 177, 234–5, 242, 265, 285, 303, 399, 405, 415, 459, 508, 553, 603, 609, 619–20, 622–3, 646, 679, 732, 740, 757, 759, 761–2, 768, 817
constituent, discontinuous 66
constituent, discontinuous 66
animacy constraint 815
cognitive constraint 377
distinguishability constraint 664
global constraint 348
iconicity constraint 95
morphological sequence constraint 766–7
part of speech constraint 391
Repeated Morph Constraint 768
syntactic frame constraint 388
topological constraint 530
well-formedness constraint 371
core case see ‘case, core’
cross-reference 19, 25, 205, 553–4, 556, 563, 570, 576–7, 583, 645, 653, 665–6, 739, 741, 749, 759, 772, 774, 777, 798, 805
dative 31, 51, 63, 67, 112–15, 149, 279, 288, 327, 335–6, 372, 380, 411, 416–17, 428, 430–1, 434, 442, 468, 506–14, 534, 572–8, 584, 603, 641, 647, 726, 767
“body part” 165
“can do” 160
“feel good/bad” 162
“have” 158–9
internal 160
judger's dative/dativus iudicantis 528
“see/hear/know” 161
declension
decompositional representation 104–5
deep case, see case, deep
default case, see case, default
Default Macrorole Assignment Principles 107
definiteness 16, 27, 67, 95, 173, 187, 243, 250, 261, 291, 294, 301, 340, 345–6, 349, 351, 360, 384, 389, 432, 483–4, 506, 537, 543, 546, 551, 554–5, 578, 582, 585, 587, 663–4, 691, 745, 818
deixis 676
dependency 30, 60, 130–2, 134, 207, 212, 231, 284, 291, 350, 410, 507, 609, 636, 656, 756–7, 763, 796
asymmetrical 206
dependent-marking 57, 298, 482, 485, 488, 506–7, 553, 557, 563, 583–4, 587, 637, 665–6, 687, 769, 800
desyntacticization 229
diachrony/diachronic
diachronic sources 695
direction 22, 24, 34, 41, 48, 52, 55, 124, 134, 143, 145–6, 148, 178, 191, 287, 320, 358, 469, 511, 513, 515–16, 524, 526, 528, 547, 580, 592, 598, 615, 674, 744, 814
directional 22, 125, 129–30, 132, 134, 177–8, 205, 331, 452, 515–16, 519, 524, 529, 573, 619, 639, 780
disambiguate 6, 295, 297, 299, 351–2, 408–9, 411, 415, 424, 555, 566, 664, 713, 715, 793, 808–9, 812
(p. 901)
discourse 10, 27, 102–3, 108, 257, 283, 292–4, 307, 316–17, 321–2, 326, 329, 331, 334, 338, 377, 388, 400, 428, 627, 632, 634, 637, 644, 660–3, 665–7, 735, 748, 757, 778, 796, 809, 811–12, 816, 818
disposal construction 560
distinguishing (function), see also discriminatory function 4–5, 7, 15, 54, 97, 262–3, 269, 347–51, 355, 663–5
Dual-path Network 387–8
elative 80, 91–2, 179–80, 187, 193, 196, 216, 239, 445–6, 462, 516–17, 615–16, 619, 640, 674, 676–9, 685
ergative 28, 31, 32, 37, 39, 44, 57, 65, 66, 70, 73, 77, 85, 95, 97, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 148, 172, 197, 212, 214, 223, 268, 287, 300, 307, 328, 330, 332, 335, 350, 352, 363, 376, 447, 463, 466, 467, 531, 532, 546, 547, 561, 562–70, 590, 757, 764, 772, 806
ergative 28, 31, 32, 37, 39, 44, 57, 65, 66, 70, 73, 77, 85, 95, 97, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 148, 172, 197, 212, 214, 223, 268, 287, 300, 307, 328, 330, 332, 335, 350, 352, 363, 376, 447, 463, 466, 467, 531, 532, 546, 547, 561, 562–70, 590, 757, 764, 772, 806
ergative case system, see case system(s), ergative
experiencer (role) 5, 31, 33, 36, 411–12, 62, 68–9, 76, 105–6, 129, 134, 147, 149, 152, 160, 168, 264–5, 267, 269–70, 273, 300, 305, 307–8, 312–13, 315, 318–19, 344–5, 353, 364, 412, 512, 523, 528, 530, 556–7, 566, 573–4, 577–8, 640–1, 643–5, 670, 673, 679, 704–7, 749–55, 815–16, 827
exponence
exponent 147, 153–4, 159, 201, 204, 207, 210, 214, 221, 250, 484, 507, 509, 556, 564, 587, 692–4, 699
mono/polyexponence 484
focus
focus domain, potential 109
functional explanation 622
functions, core, see core functions
functions of case, see case, functions of
general oblique, see case, general oblique
genitive
goal 22, 33, 36, 39, 41, 52, 63–4, 68–9, 116–17, 121, 124, 128–30, 134, 138, 152, 168–9, 179, 264–6, 294, 307–8, 326, 353–4, 441–2, 459, 464, 499, 501, 515–16, 520, 530, 532–3, 558, 560, 572–3, 575, 577–8, 580, 591, 689, 691–2, 704, 715, 789
grammaticalization 7–8, 133, 140–1, 177, 192, 196–7, 201, 441–3, 445, 448, 458–69, 497–9, 524–6, 530, 533–4, 559–60, 591, 596, 599–600, 607–8, 613, 620, 637–8, 640–1, 646–8, 653, 662, 695, 699
head marking 10, 254, 257, 306, 488, 506, 538–9, 542, 553, 558, 563–4, 583–4, 603, 637–8, 652, 665–6, 710, 743, 768, 797, 800
illative 79, 84, 177–80, 187–8, 192–3, 196, 215–17, 227, 354, 443–6, 495, 500, 511, 516, 616–17, 619
inanimate, inanimacy, see animacy
Incremental Procedural Grammar 388
Indefinite Object Deletion/IOD 361
indexing (function), see also characterizing (function) 4–5, 7, 97, 127, 292–5, 301, 303, 347, 350–5, 510, 514, 524, 553, 557, 583–5, 637, 665, 805
indexation 294–5
indirective alignment, see alignment
indirective (case) 179
inelative 617
information structure 10, 54, 108, 346, 389, 413, 416, 466, 644, 660, 690, 714, 781, 783, 791, 795, 809, 814
inside-out functional designation 65
instigation 531
instrumental (case) 8, 16, 19, 21–2, 29, 31, 33, 102, 112–14, 120, 137, 143–4, 147–9, 155–6, 174–5, 196, 203–5, 207–10, 225, 229, 242, 250, 252, 263–4, 288, 317, 324, 327–8, 334, 337, 354, 357, 364, 431, 441, 443, 452, 458–9, 461, 463, 467–70, 473–4, 496, 499–501, 509–12, 514, 518, 520, 524–5, 527, 529–34, 558, 560, 567, 569–70, 593–600, 600–2, 604–8, 611, 618–19, 623–4, 638, 642, 646, 652–3, 673, 684–5, 690, 708, 716–22, 725–8, 743, 780, 783
intensional meaning 21
interelative 617
interlative 617
islands, see verb islands
language learning 169
language teaching 169
layered structure of the clause 103–4
Lexical Conceptual Structure/LCS 34
lexical structure 130–1
localist tradition 32
location 15, 20, 23–4, 29, 33, 62, 64, 122, 125, 129, 137, 140, 147, 149, 154, 178–9, 181, 264–5, 267, 295, 307–8, 364, 394, 407–8, 449, 463–5, 481, 498, 501, 515–16, 530, 533, 560, 570, 573, 575, 591, 598, 609–10, 612, 614–18, 620, 622, 656, 675–6, 689, 704, 738, 743, 770, 815
M-atransitive 107
makeshift languages 501
markedness 6–8, 91, 95–6, 100, 106, 146, 149, 228, 332, 348, 351–2, 355, 403, 416–18, 531, 536–7, 590, 607, 635, 653–6, 661, 665, 690, 692, 698–9, 801
Marker, Person Agreement/PAM 714–15
Maximal Semantic Distinguishability 350
meaning, see case meaning
means/material function 531
merger, morphological 696
metaphoric extension 140
mixed patterns 557
modal case, see case, modal
Modistae 17
morphomic 202
Neogrammarians 137
nominative 14, 38, 40, 50, 70, 72, 100–1, 111–12, 115–18, 171, 310, 316, 327, 337, 376, 384, 388, 395, 408–9, 412–13, 417, 429, 431–2, 441, 447, 538, 546, 630, 660, 663, 665, 697, 744–5, 749, 754–5, 771–2
noun incorporation 556
object
direct 9, 14, 23, 29, 34, 48, 63–4, 68, 121, 125, 129, 145, 174, 195, 231, 236, 262, 268, 280, 308–9, 311, 316, 319, 345, 347, 372, 384, 389–90, 399, 432, 454, 485–6, 499, 501, 550, 552, 555, 560, 603, 645, 654, 658–9, 664, 706, 717, 742, 745–50
indirect, see also indirective, secundative 27, 31, 36, 39, 41, 69, 84, 110, 121, 125, 129, 144, 172, 200, 262, 279–80, 282, 320, 364, 389–90, 432, 459, 499, 513, 520–1, 543, 557, 572–3, 576–7, 579, 652, 654, 680, 706–7, 743, 747–9, 754–5, 805
object shift 662
Objectivist's misconception 127
obviation 798–9
operator projection 103
partitive 22–4, 77–8, 91–3, 145, 171–7, 207, 216–18, 330, 340, 344, 361, 445–6, 449, 456, 467, 499–501, 514, 526, 533, 550, 553, 555, 558–9, 624–5, 645–6, 659, 725, 738, 809, 819
passive voice, see voice passive
(p. 904)
path 145–6, 178, 192, 217, 265, 442, 445, 462–3, 498, 515, 526, 559–60, 570, 608–10, 614–18, 638, 796
patient 4, 6, 10, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 33–9, 62, 89–90, 105–6, 261, 264–5, 267–70, 322–4, 326–31, 334–5, 337–8, 344, 356–7, 359–62, 364–5, 375–7, 388, 399, 421, 430–2, 463, 467, 512–13, 526, 533, 539, 549–50, 554, 557, 566–7, 574, 576–7, 593, 603, 639, 661–2, 670, 679, 681–2, 721, 744, 750, 802–3, 813, 815
population movements 493
possession 15, 143, 154, 159–60, 162–3, 211, 242, 322–4, 334, 381, 464–5, 528–9, 532–3, 538, 569, 583, 591, 599, 605–6, 608, 680, 683–4, 706, 717, 738, 752, 760, 801–2, 807
alienable 143
possessive 8, 64, 244, 254, 256, 266, 354, 374, 428–9, 447, 458, 461, 464–7, 484, 511, 513, 526, 530–2, 555–6, 568, 578, 581–92, 630, 633, 641–2, 645–6, 652, 659, 676, 684, 713, 724–5, 746, 760, 763, 792–3
possessive predication, see predication, possessive
possessor 5, 18, 143, 187–9, 192, 197, 200, 236–7, 239, 254, 257, 267, 269, 306, 308, 315, 317, 319–20, 354, 464–5, 511, 513, 520, 528, 530–1, 538–9, 542, 558, 568, 581–3, 585–91, 604, 607, 636, 641–2, 645, 653, 659, 684, 688–9, 691–2, 704–6, 710–11, 738, 743, 747, 785, 798, 806
posture 618
predication, possessive 684
premorphology 380
production, speech see speech production
pronominal 24–5, 30, 45, 108, 195, 226, 246–7, 251–2, 254, 257, 284, 287, 292–3, 316, 447, 452, 473, 481, 513, 551, 555, 563, 565, 582, 585–6, 596, 622, 630, 638–9, 657, 687, 702, 713, 739–40, 743–4, 746, 748–51, 754–5, 768, 800
pronoun 4, 6, 13, 25, 44, 95, 103, 150, 195, 197, 220, 223–6, 228–9, 236, 241, 244, 247–57, 270, 277, 287, 293, 309, 320, 328, 342, 356, 372, 374, 376, 380, 391, 408–9, 414, 421–2, 428–31, 439, 447–8, 452, 477, 484, 486, 495, 513, 520, 539, 542, 546, 550–1, 565, 575, 584, 595, 603–4, 607, 620, 629, 633, 638, 645, 657–8, 671, 673, 713, 717, 725, 734, 736, 739–41, 746, 748–9, 754, 759, 767–8, 788, 791–3, 798–9, 800, 824
prototypes 95, 123, 139, 141, 143–5, 147, 155–7, 189, 223–4, 235, 251, 256–7, 292, 323, 339, 348, 356, 370, 381, 531, 537, 564, 566, 574–5, 582, 590, 602, 605, 607, 621, 661, 671–2, 678, 692, 763, 804, 814, 819
psychological predicate, see also experiencer; verb, experiencer 269, 270, 273, 753–4
psycho-collocations 319
Randkasus see case, Randkasus
recipient 15, 39, 62, 68, 106, 114, 116, 127, 149, 152, 159, 264, 266, 269, 272, 274, 291, 302, 307, 336, 354, 390, 399, 494, 511, 513, 519–20, 527–30, 532, 552, 557–8, 572–8, 580, 590–1, 639, 641, 647, 654, 673, 680, 685, 688, 698, 704–5, 707, 715, 743, 747–8, 758, 802–4
reduction 47, 54–5, 147, 217, 229, 305, 352, 470–2, 501, 531, 590, 629, 655, 695–6, 699, 700–4, 712, 736
referral, see rule of referral
Relation-Preservation Principle 378
(p. 905)
relative clause 394–5, 408, 414–15, 423, 427, 433, 541, 589, 683, 732–4, 739, 741, 743, 755, 761–2, 766, 768, 792, 796
relative pronoun, see pronoun
rhythmical law 696
role, antecedent, see antecedent (role)
role, subsequent, see subsequent (role)
saliency 15, 141, 191, 193, 200, 292–3, 320, 361, 363–4, 374, 380, 382, 388, 468, 498, 598, 641, 778, 795
secundative, see alignment
semantic prime 153–5
semantic relations, see also semantic role, thematic relations, thematic role 6, 15, 18, 35, 128–30, 132–4, 375
semantic role, see also semantic role, thematic relations, thematic role 3–5, 19, 33, 39, 105, 123, 126, 137–8, 147, 231, 261–75, 307–8, 327, 350, 357, 365, 507–8, 510, 521, 566–7, 593, 596–7, 663, 666, 698–9, 721, 724, 773, 802, 809, 812, 815, 817
similative 515
spontaneous voice, see voice, spontaneous
spreading activation 387
statistical modelling 479
Strong Competence Hypothesis 402
subject
subject formation 134
subsequent (role) 527
subtranslative 617
supertranslative 617
syncretism 137, 143, 147, 188, 203–4, 219–30, 241, 248, 253, 451–2, 470–1, 474, 501, 527, 623, 642, 657–8, 757
parasitic 207
Syntagmatic Selection Principle 344
(p. 906)
target 18, 156, 267, 269–70, 273, 293, 307, 361, 371–3, 380, 382, 393–5, 397, 482, 496–8, 541, 578, 655, 737
tense-aspect split 691
terminological ethnocentrism 155
tertium comparationis 155
thematic role, see also semantic role, thematic relations, thematic role 33, 35–8, 40–1, 62–4, 68, 74, 262, 272, 308, 385, 393, 395, 397, 424, 527, 531
theme (role), see also patient 33, 34, 36, 53, 62–4, 68, 74, 105–6, 114, 264–5, 267, 291, 417, 513, 523, 531, 533, 552, 557, 559, 577, 609, 639, 647, 654, 680, 798, 802, 813, 815, 817
theme, incremental, see incremental theme
topic 23, 109, 118, 186, 231, 261, 278–80, 337, 415, 464, 466, 506, 541, 546, 548, 591, 660–1, 665, 733–4, 757, 770, 779–84, 786–8, 795, 810, 812, 814
topic drop 288
transitivity 2, 5, 34, 76, 107–8, 115, 242, 266, 275, 308, 322, 325, 339–42, 344–5, 350–1, 356–65, 550, 574–5, 590, 660, 666, 681, 751, 791–2, 805–6, 809, 817–18
decreasing 361
typology, see also language types 2, 9, 31–2, 56, 142, 168, 222, 253, 275, 293, 296, 305, 321, 342, 351, 356–66, 521, 528, 564, 583, 651–67, 688
undergoer 37, 41, 106–8, 110–17, 164–5, 311, 590, 603, 605, 735, 797–8, 804–7, 809, 812, 817, 819
undergoer, dative-like 10
universals 17, 28, 47, 62–3, 88, 96, 108, 125, 153–5, 238, 242, 244, 256, 262, 265, 276, 295, 321, 371, 410, 451, 479–80, 491, 507, 510, 519–20, 534, 536, 590, 605, 648, 666, 683, 746, 801, 807
Utterance Generation Model 386
valency change, see also voice
verb
ditransitive 26, 29, 63, 74, 80, 113, 266, 271, 274, 291, 300, 302, 310, 312, 335, 390, 397, 412, 415, 417, 513, 521–3, 531, 552, 557–8, 572–3, 576, 680, 689, 748, 758, 789
double dative 281
intransitive 23, 26, 29–31, 37, 56–7, 75–6, 90–1, 99–100, 104, 106–8, 112, 115–16, 157, 174, 222, 251, 269, 272, 295, 305, 324–5, 327, 330–1, 342–3, 349–50, 357–60, 373, 376–8, 396, 398, 458, 500, 510, 512–13, 520–3, 531, 535–6, 556, 563, 567, 572, 596, 644, 658, 661, 679–81, 688, 718, 730, 749–52, 755, 758–9, 774, 789, 791, 801, 804, 806
psych, see psychological predicate
serial, see serial verb construction
transitive 20, 23, 25–6, 29–31, 34–5, 40, 51, 56–7, 63, 70, 80, 90–1, 94–5, 98, 106–8, 111–12, 115–16, 118, 157–8, 171–2, 174–5, 222–3, 268, 274, 291–2, 296–7, 299–300, 319, 323, 325, 329–31, 333–4, 336, 339, 341–3, 349–50, 356–64, 372–3, 376–8, 388, 458, 500, 512, 521–3, 535–6, 549–50, 557, 560, 562–3, 566–7, 575–7, 590, 596, 622–3, 654, 658, 679, 681–2, 688–9, 698, 705, 718, 730, 744–5, 749–52, 758–64, 775, 789–91, 793–6, 800–1, 804, 806, 813, 815, 817
verb islands 379
verbal case, see case, verbal
vocative 8, 13–15, 17–19, 123, 186, 194–6, 204, 235, 443, 450–1, 455, 508, 514, 539, 626–34, 653, 672, 687, 698, 717
voice, see also valency change 15, 53, 74, 76, 89–90, 95, 97–8, 101, 107, 171, 322–38, 349, 400, 777
active 19, 36, 38, 74, 84, 90, 107, 269, 305, 323–4, 326, 328, 331, 341, 384, 388, 390, 393, 425–6, 590, 780
antipassive 5, 57, 89–90, 97–8, 322, 326–31, 333–4, 340, 346, 356, 360, 364–5, 579, 623, 670, 772, 798
passive 5, 7, 16, 19, 22, 36, 38, 64, 46–7, 50–1, 53, 57, 60, 64, 67, 73–5, 77–8, 83–5, 89–90, 97–8, 108, 110, 148, 172, 274, 322, 326–38, 340, 346, 356, 364–5, 384, 388, 390, 393, 412, 421, 423–5, 441, 467, 512–13, 527, 539, 544, 546, 548, 550, 570, 579, 590, 598–600, 606, 623, 670, 718–19, 738, 744, 746, 752, 779–80, 798
spontaneous 322–5
Vollkasus see case, Vollkasus
