Abstract: Introduction – The Sources for Presocratic Philosophy – Prehistory of Presocratic Philosophy in an Orientalizing Context – Milesian Measures: Time, Space, and Matter – The Cloud-Astrophysics of Xenophanes and Ionian Material Monism – Heraclitus: Flux, Order, and Knowledge – Signs and Arguments in Parmenides B8 – Anaxagoras and the Theory of Everything – Empedocles: Physical and Mythical Divinity – Two Problems in Pythagoreanism – Atomism's Eleatic Roots – Leucippus's Atomism – Speculating about Diogenes of Apollonia – The Sophists – The Role of Medicine in the Formation of Early Greek Thought – Presocratic Cosmologies – Reason, Cause, and Explanation in Presocratic Philosophy – The Humanizing of Knowledge in Presocratic Thought – Presocratic Theology – Aristotle's Account of the Origins of Philosophy – Classical Representations and Uses of the Presocratics

Keywords: argument, Aristotle, context, explanation, knowledge, matter, monism, order, philosophy, reason, Sophists, space, theology, theory, background, cause, Parmenides, representation, thought